Adaptation, Injury, Death Flashcards
(33 cards)
Differentiate anatomic and Clinical Pathology.
Anatomic - gross changes of cell or tissues
Clinical - biochemical alteration in body fluids (e.g. blood and urine)
Differentiate General and Systemic pathology.
General:
- focuses on the cellular and tissue alterations caused by pathologic stimuli in most tissues
Systemic:
- Examines reactions and abnormailities of different specialized organs
Differentiate Etiology and Pathogenesis.
Etiology - Origin of the disease and the underlying cause (Genetic, environmental, multifactorial)
Pathogesis - steps of the disease process
**Knowing both of these is essential to developing rational treatment
Diffentiate physiologic and pathologic adaptations.
Physiologic - normal adaption that are responses to hormones or endogenous chemical mediator
Pathologic - cell modifies its structure and function in order to escape injury
Differentiate mechanical and trophic triggers?
Mechanical triggers are things like stretch, where as trophic triggers are chemicals (soluble mediators)
What is infarction?
Cell Death
In the heart’s hypertrophic response to stress, what physical fluid or particle causes the enlargement?
Increase in Proteins
Differentiate Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia.
Hypertrophy - increase in cell size
Hyperplasia - increase in cell number
Does the uterus undergo hypertrophy or hyperplasia during pregnancy?
Hypertrophy
Differentiate physiologic and pathologic hyperplasia.
Physiologic:
- Hormonal or Compensatory
Pathologic:
- Excessive hormonal or growth factor stimulation (e.g. endometrial hyperplasia)
T or F: pathologic hyperplasia constitutes a fertile soil in which cancer can grow
True
What is atrophy?
- necrosis, apoptosis, neither
- Functionality
- common causes
Loss of cell size due to loss of cell substance
Neither, cells simply shrink but are not dead
Common causes:
- Decreased workload
- loss of innervation
- diminished blood supply
- aging
- loss of endocrine supply
What is the process of autophagy?
Starved cells eat their own components to survive
What two processes lead to cell atrophy?
Decreased Protein Synthesis
- because of decreased metabolic activity
Increased Protein degradation
Is metaplasia reversible?
- what typically causes it?
YES, this is very important
Usually caused by chronic irritation
Differentiate:
- Hypertrophy
- Hyperplasia
- Dysplasia
- Neoplasia
Hypertrophy - cells grow in size NOT number
Hyperplasia - cells increase in number
Dysplasia - disorganized growth (spotty hypertrophy)
Neoplasia - disorganized growth with an increase in the number of dividing cells
What is the problem with monitoring gross structural changes in a tissue to monitor something like necrosis?
Gross changes seen on the microscope always lag behind actual cell death
By the time we see death its too late to start treating it
What are two common reversible changes?
- Swelling
- Fatty Change
What are the two main determinants of whether damage to a cell will be reversible?
- Mitochondrial Dysfunction (lack of ox-phos and ATP etc.)
2. Disturbances in membrane function
What are the 4 main factors causing cell death?
- Ischemia (lack of Blood Flow)
- Infections
- Toxins
- Immune Reaction
Is necrosis or apoptosis more indicative of pathology?
Necrosis
How do apoptotic and necrotic cells differ in:
- Cell size
- Nucleus
- Plasma Membrane
Necrotic:
- Size: Larger
- Nucleus: Pyknosis, Karyorrhexis, Karyolysis
- Plasma Membrane: Disrupted
Apoptotic:
- Size: Reduced (shrinkage)
- Nucleus: condensed
- Plasma Membrane: intact with altered structure
How do apoptotic and necrotic cells differ in:
- Cellular Contents
- Adjacent Inflammation
Necrotic:
- Contents: enzymatic digestion that may leak out of cell
- Inflammation: Frequent
Apoptotic:
- Contents: in tact and may be released in apoptotic bodies
- Inflammation: not present
T or F: necrosis is invariably pathologic
True, apoptotic is most often physiologic
