adaptation & necrosis

Question 1

Cellular adaptation

Answer 1

prolonged exposure of cells to adverse/ exaggerated stimuli which causes changes in the cell, tissue or whole organ.
(once stimuli removed, most cells return to nl)

Question 2

what are the 6 ways cells adapt?

Answer 2

atrophy
hypertrophy
hyperplasia
metaplasia
dysplasia
anaplasia (cancer)

Question 3

atrophy, hypertrophy & hyperplasia is due to physiologic or pathologic causes?

Answer 3

BOTH!!!! can be physiological or pathological

Question 4

metaplasia, dysplasia & anaplasia is due to……

Answer 4

ALWAYS PATHOLOGIC!!!!!!

Question 5

Define atrophy

Answer 5

decrease in tissue, organ or body size

Question 6

Examples of atrophy

Answer 6

PHYSIOLOGIC: 
Thymus
Ovaries 
bones & muscles with age 
(Can't control these changes, therefore it is physiologic )

PATHOLOGIC:
ischemic organs (kidneys)
testicular atrophy
alzheimers disease

Question 7

Define hypertrophy & what are examples of hypertrophy?

Answer 7

increase in the size of tissue or organs due to enlargement of individual cells

PHYSIOLOGIC:
enlargement of skeletal muscles (lifting wts)

PATHOLOGIC:
heart hypertrophy- cardiomyopathy & LVH from HTN

Question 8

Define hyperplasia and give examples:

Answer 8

ADAPTIVE increase in the AMOUNT of cells => enlargement of tissues & organs

Endometrial hyperplasia
hyperplastic polyps of colon/ stomach

Question 9

Define metaplasia

Answer 9

adaptive change of one cell type to another in order to adapt to the environment

Question 10

What are examples of metaplasia

Answer 10

squamous metaplasia of the bronchial epithelium (smoking)

gastric or glandular metaplasia of GE junction in Barrett Esophagus (GERD)

Question 11

is metaplasia reversible? can it get worse?

Answer 11

YASSSS HONAYYYY (to both questions)

Question 12

define dysplasia

Answer 12

growth disorder of tissue resulting in chronic irritation or infection

Question 13

is dysplasia associated with cancer?

Answer 13

helllzzz yeaaaaa it is precancerous condition

Question 14

Examples of dysplastic changes…

Answer 14

cervical dysplasia (CIN) is what a pap is looking for

Question 15

What virus is associated with dysplasias & cervical cancer?

Answer 15

HPV! Ehhhhaaawwww (jimmy fallon voice)

Question 16

What type of tissue does HPV lalalalalaloveeeeeeeee?

Answer 16

stratified squamous epithelium (cervix, anal, penile, vaginal, oral )

Question 17

has the level of dysplasia increases/ worsens what occurs in the cell?

Answer 17

The nucleus enlarges, becomes angular & hyperchromatic to the point where if it is a severe form you can no longer identify the cytoplasm (cytoplasm space decreases and only allows for one nuclei)

Question 18

Define hyperchromatic

Answer 18

more purple looking

Question 19

Define anaplasia

Answer 19

undifferentiated and uncontrolled growth of the cells

HALLMARK of malignant transformation

Question 20

what are other names for anaplasia?

Answer 20

malignancy, carcinoma, cancer, neoplasm (=new growth)

Question 21

examples of anaplasia

Answer 21

squamous cell carcinoma of cervix
cancer of lung
malignant melanoma
renal cell carcinoma

Question 22

what are the microscopic hallmarks of anaplasia?

Answer 22

1. cell and nuclei have marked cellular pleomorphism (variation of size & shape)
2. irregular & hyperchromatic nuclei
3. high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio (1:1) instead of 1:6 or 1:4
4. large nucleoli present in nucleus
5. large number of abnl mitotic figures

Question 23

Define cell necrosis

Answer 23

death of cells or groups of cells (tissues) in a living organism

Question 24

What is the difference between necrosis and autolysis?

Answer 24

Necrosis- seen in living w/ inflammation

Autolysis- seen in tissue after death

Question 25

What are the different types of necrosis?

Answer 25

coagulative, liquefactive, caseous & fat

Question 26

What is the most common form of necrosis?

Answer 26

Coagulative

Question 27

Define coagulative necrosis

Answer 27

occurs when cell proteins are altered or denatured histology: cell outline are preserved and the cytoplasm appears finely granular

Question 28

Examples of coagulative necrosis

Answer 28

occurs in solid organs: heart, kidneys, spleen, liver cause by anoxia (ex. MI)

Question 29

define liquefactive necrosis

Answer 29

dead cells LIQUIFY due to certain enzymes SOFT & GEL LIKE

Question 30

examples of liquefactive necrosis

Answer 30

brain- cells lose contour & liquifies - typically in BRAIN INFARCTS - seen in BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (ex. abscess in lungs)

Question 31

define caseous necrosis & describe it

Answer 31

form of coagulative necrosis | yellow, thick, cheesy substance

Question 32

examples of caseous necrosis

Answer 32

TB!!!!

Question 33

Define fat necrosis & the cause

Answer 33

form of liquefaction necrosis | cause: action of lipolytic enzymes

Question 34

examples of fat necrosis

Answer 34

LIMITED TO FAT TISSUE pancreas enzymes release into adjacent fat after (pancreas) ruptures. this causes a degradation of FAT -> GLYCEROL & FREE FATTY ACIDS fatty acid binds to Ca= soaps causing white calcified specks

Question 35

What is the difference between wet & dry gangrene ?

Answer 35

bacteria LALALALOVESS necrotic tissue Wet: bacterial infection of coagulated tissue leads to inflammation => secondary liquefaction Dry: when the tissue dries out it turns black & mummified

Question 36

What are conditions that contribute to gangrene?

Answer 36

infarct in intestines, limbs due to atherosclerosis or DM

Question 37

Define dystrophic calcifications & what does it look like?

Answer 37

necrotic tissue + Ca salts = calcification (necrotic tissue attracts the Ca) visible to naked eye- gritty sand like grains to firm rock hard material

Question 38

Why does necrotic tissue attract Ca?

Answer 38

circulation deposit Ca extracellularly into dead cells

Question 39

what are examples of dystrophic calcifications?

Answer 39

1. calcification in atherosclerotic CORONARY ARTERIES => narrow the vessels 2. Calcification of MITRAL/AORTIC VALVE impending the blood flow 3. calcifications seen around BREAST CANCER, visual by mammography 4. INFANT PERIVENTRICULAR calcifications seen in congenital toxoplasmosis

Question 40

Define metastatic calcifications

Answer 40

reflects deranged calcium metabolism (not cell injury) associated with increased serum Ca levels => deposits Ca in other locations

Question 41

Examples of metastatic calcifications

Answer 41

Hyperparathyroidism Vit D toxicity Chronic renal failure Stones (kidney, gallbladder, bladder) from precipitation of salts from solution into tissues