adaptations

Question 1

adaptation

Answer 1

condition where animal modifies or changes behaviour or physical characteristics to better suit surrounding

Question 2

different time scales of adaptations

Answer 2

evolutionary = several generations
transgenerational non genetic inheritance = cultural transmission
developmental stage = ie. caterpillar and butterfly
seasonal = polymorphism of one gentoype multiple phenotypes
short time period or regulatory response = thermoregulations

Question 3

plasticity

Answer 3

ability of single genotype to produce more than one alternative form of structure or behaviour in response to environmental conditions

Question 4

physical adaptation

Answer 4

anatomy
- locomotor anatomy
- feeding appartus
ability to see at night
blubber

Question 5

physical adaptation

Answer 5

physicological
venom
slow metabolism
cold or warm blooded

Question 6

behavioural

Answer 6

what animal does in repsonse to external or internal cues
migration
hibernation
live in group
tool use

Question 7

types of behavioural differentiation in individuals

Answer 7

Personality = systematic structured consistent, stable, correlations over diff situations, not related to age sex or size
motivation = physiological difference, transient, situation dependent ie. hunger, sexual arousal

Question 8

why are individual differences important

Answer 8

spatial and temporal heterogeneity in environment i.e.. resource distribution, resource quality, predator type etc

Question 9

what does personality influence

Answer 9

migration
reproductive success
habitat use
feeding
predator avoidance
mating
social behvaiours

Question 10

what determines personalities

Answer 10

complex physiological and hormonal underpinnings which themsleves are dependent on genetic and epigentic mechanisms

Question 11

animal personality continuum

Answer 11

shy to bold
- risk adverse, active, aggression

Question 12

Anthropocene

Answer 12

• adaptation to changing environments is a typical expectation on life but more rapid due to human actions
• climate change
  human encroachment = populations and urbanisations
  human caused accidents = large scale fire

Question 13

yellow bellied marmots case study

Answer 13

western north america, signal species for climate chnage, indicator species
- emerge 23 days earlier from hibernation
10% bigger
14 pups per group
survive longer in summer but shorter in winter
summer so hot and dry but have to survive longer summer but enter hibernation in worse state

Question 14

human enroachment case studies

Answer 14

blackbirds = urban areas sing in different pitch due to noise so no longer breeding with rural relatives, evolutionary divergence, also get less stressed
seagulls = attarcted to urban areas due to higher temps, breeding lasts for longer, fewer predators, street lighting allows them to forage

Question 15

human caused accident case study

Answer 15

Chernobyl nucleur leak released radioactive matter, animals moved in and adapted to radiation, chronic exposure to low doses, GSH levels rose and oxidative stress and dna damage decrreased with more exposure, those with high GSH survived and transmitted across gens

Question 16

arboreal

Answer 16

live in trees ie. chameleon

Question 17

chameleons locomotion

Answer 17

arbeoral locomotion
- bi planer (looking from dif directions to develop 3D model) x ray filming showed and shoulder dissection
- strong prehensile feet - grippy and strength
diagonal gait sequence =
highly mobile shoulder = some bones missing to put limb in unnatural place
limbs abducted temporarily - passagital at touchdown
limbs extended to increase range of excursion
convergent with aboreal mammals - links with primates and squirrels etc

Question 18

chamelon tail

Answer 18

• morphometrics - compared arboreal and terrestrial species
  bones scanned and landmarks for compariosn
  arboreal = more than 40
  terrestrial = less than 40 verterbrate

Question 19

venom

Answer 19

snakes, gila monster, beaded lizard, monitor lizards, iguans
- swelling, dizzy, shooting pain, paralysis of small mammals
- venom in snakes and reptiles originated from common ancestor 200 mya

Question 20

monotremes

Answer 20

Australia and new guinea
- seperated from marsupial and placental mammals 200 mya
- primitive
- egg laying mammals with hair
milk but no nipples, lick from ducts, more dirt goes into baby so milk has antibacterial properties

Question 21

echidna

Answer 21

type of monotreme
short beaked = arid and snow - Australia and new guinea
long beaked = forest and grassland - new guinea

Question 22

platypus

Answer 22

type of monotreme
- duck billed
semi aquatic
Australia
struggling with habitats and climate change
- venomous - male has venom on spurs on hind of leg, not fatal to humans, more production in breeding seasons, ancestral to this group of mammals, metabolically expensive

Question 23

electroreception

Answer 23

animal can perceive electrical stimuli
most common in aquatic animals because salt water is better conductor
communication and object detection
useful in dark conditions
- monotremes only land mammal that uses
long beaked = 2000 receptors, wetter environment so obtained more from ancestors
short = 400 receptors at tip of snout
- platypus has 40,000 recptors in bill, highly directional when head moves when swimming, patrolling and prey searching 40% time in water

Question 24

marsupials

Answer 24

america and australia
oppossums etc

Question 25

opossums

Answer 25

over 100 species marsupial semi arboreal prehensile tail and opposable toe

Question 26

primate locomotion

Question 27

yapok - american marsupial

Answer 27

southern and central oppossum nocturnal solitary omnivore = crusteans, frogs, fruits aqautic so webbing on hind limbs, long fore fingers, not overly adaptable to aqautic animals both males and females have pouches, females is water tight and males to cover scrotum for less drag -morphological variation= identify distances between landmarks, good for conservation

Question 28

australian marsupials - tree kangaroo

Answer 28

- rainforests of new guinea and astralia solitry and noctrnal secondarilty adapted to be abereol broad stoat feet, long claws long tail for counterbalance move back legs independently from one another

Question 29

study to compare tree kangaroo and wallaby and kangaroo

Answer 29

tree kangaroo had greater separation of muscles longer fleshy bellies and broad short insertion tendons for increased control but decreases elastic storage, control in the trees variation in arrangement including more muscles in the foot with increased dexterity

Question 30

quolls - australian marsupital

Answer 30

- nocturnal and solitary carnivores terrestrial some secondary abberoal skulls adapted for high bite force - prey of variable size

Question 31

quolls vs devils

Answer 31

quoll- 4.7kg, broader diet with more smaller prey devils - 6.8kg, larger prey, not well adapted for high bite force

Question 32

prosimians

Answer 32

lemurs, loris, bush babies, torsiers

Question 33

nycticebus/ slow loris

Answer 33

venomous teeth- predator defence, prey capture, con-specific defence, parasite defence cobra mimic of eyes - cryptic locomotion - slow movements to escape but can also be fast - quadrupedal - all limbs and distribute wights onto branches - 679 feeds- 81% plant 5 species have high medicinal value wild loris have unusual jealing and captive do not

Question 34

gurskys spectral tarsier

Answer 34

emit ultrasonic sounds short distances more call during locomotion so for navigation?

Question 35

lizards and pesticide

Answer 35

western fence lizard found in USA exposed to common pesticide and raced high dose terrestially and low and high doses aboreally, had inhibitory effect refusal to move, slowness and falling harder to catch prey and avoid predation

Question 36

lizard thermal tolerance

Answer 36

35yrs ago peuto rican lizard introduced to miami studied min and max cirical thermal temps CT max same for bpth but min miami was 3 degrees cooler

Question 37

invasive animals in australia

Answer 37

feral/invasive cats cause extinctions so rapid increase in reptile abundance poisoning foxes led to higher abundance of lace monitor but no change to smaller species

Question 38

fire detection in reptiles

Answer 38

- 10 captive blue tongue skinks and exposed to light smoke which increased activity, tongue flicking, try to escape adaptive innate behvaiour 13 other species did not repsond