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Biology 🧫 > Adaptations for Gas exchange > Flashcards

Adaptations for Gas exchange Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration

A

The release of chemical energy from food molecules.

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2
Q

Gas exchange

A

The process by which gases cross a respiratory surface (CO2 and O2).

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3
Q

Ventilation

A

Bringing gases in or out of a respiratory surface so gas exchange can take place.

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4
Q

List the four adaptations for gas exchange

A

•A large surface area:volume ratio
•A small diffusion pathway
•A large difference in concentration
•Moist

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5
Q

Describe the gas exchange of an amoeba

A

Single celled, low metabolic rate, thin cell membrane so diffusion is rapid, large surface area.

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6
Q

Describe the gas exchange of a flatworm

A

Large surface area:volume ratio, short diffusion distance as it has a flat shape.

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7
Q

Describe the gas exchange of an earthworm

A

Skin kept moist by mucus, small diffusion distance straight from skin into blood capillaries.

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8
Q

Describe insects at rest

A

•Spiracles closed
•Fluid in tracheoles as water can diffuse into them

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9
Q

Describe insects during flight

A

•Spiracles open
•Decreased fluid levels to provide more surface area

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10
Q

Describe a bony fishes inspiration

A

Mouth open, operculum closes, buccal floor lowered as its volume increases and pressure decreases. Water is pulled into the buccal cavity due to the change in pressure.

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11
Q

Describe a bony fishes exhalation

A

Mouth closes, operculum opens, buccal cavity raised so volume decreases and pressure increases. Water is squeezed out of the buccal cavity out the operculum.

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12
Q

How to convert centimetres to micrometers?

A

Times by 10,000.

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13
Q

What is the gas exchange surface in humans?

A

The alveoli.

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14
Q

What is the trachea supported by?

A

C-shaped rings of cartilage to prevent collapsing.

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15
Q

What are the adaptations of alveoli?

A

Large surface area
Moist surface for gases to dissolve
Thin walls- short diffusion path
Steep concentration gradient for diffusion

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16
Q

What prevents the alveoli collapsing?

A

Surfactant (anti-sticking chemical) covering the surface of each alveolus.

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17
Q

Describe activity during inspiration.

A

External intercostal muscles contract and raise ribs upwards and outwards
Diaphragm muscle contracts and flattens
Volume of the thorax increases and air pressure falls below that of atmospheric air

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18
Q

Describe activity during expiration.

A

External intercostal muscles relax and the ribs move downward and inwards
Diaphragm muscle relaxes and becomes dome shaped
The volume of the thorax decreases and air pressure rises above atmospheric air

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19
Q

What is the main gas exchange surface of the plant?

A

The leaf.

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20
Q

Describe adaptations of the leaf for gas exchange.

A

The leaf blade is thin and flat
Large surface area
Diffusion pathways for gases are short

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21
Q

What is the function of the waxy cuticle in the leaf?

A

Reduces water loss from the leaf surface by evaporation.

22
Q

What is the function of the upper epidermis in the leaf?

A

Transparent cells allow light to pass through to the mesophyll tissue. Synthesises and secretes the waxy cuticle.

23
Q

What is the function of the palisade and spongy mesophyll in the leaf?

A

Contains many chloroplasts for photosynthesis. Air spaces allow circulation of gases.

24
Q

What is the function of the vascular bundles in the leaf?

A

Contain xylem for water and mineral transport and phloem for transport of amino acids and sucrose.

25
Q

What is the function of the guard cells and the stomata in the leaf?

A

Guard cells become turgid and flaccid from changes in water potential. Stomata controls gas exchange in the leaf.

26
Q

Why do chloroplasts move within the mesophyll cells in the leaf?

A

So they can arrange themselves in the best possible position for light absorption.

27
Q

What is a respiratory/gas exchange surface?

A

Where oxygen enters the body from the air and carbon dioxide is excreted.

28
Q

What is the gas exchange surface of class Pisces?

A

Internal gills.

29
Q

What is the gas exchange surface of class Mammalia?

A

Internal lungs.

30
Q

What is the gas exchange surface in the larval stage of amphibians?

A

External gills.

31
Q

What is the gas exchange surface of the class Amphibia?

A

The skin.

32
Q

What is water potential?

A

The tendency of a solution to lose water.

33
Q

What is the metabolic rate?

A

The rate at which cellular reactions occur.

34
Q

Why do guard cells have an uneven cell wall?

A

To cause the cell to become a curved sausage shape when it swells, opening the stomatal pore.

35
Q

Why do guard cells have an uneven cell wall?

A

To cause the cell to become a curved sausage shape when it swells, opening the stomatal pore.

36
Q

Describe the mechanism of stomatal opening.

A
  1. Light intensity is high for photosynthesis
  2. Potassium ions are pumped by active transport into the guard cells
  3. Stored starch is converted into malate
  4. This lowers the water potential and water enters the guard cell by osmosis
  5. The guard cells become turgid and curve apart
  6. This opens the stomata pore, allowing gas exchange
37
Q

What are the main characteristics of parallel flow in fish?

A

Water flows across the gill plate in the same direction as blood flow in the capillaries
Oxygen gradient not maintained as equilibrium is reached
Diffusion doesn’t occur across the entire gill plate
Rate of diffusion is low, less oxygen absorbed into the blood

38
Q

What are the main characteristics of counter-current flow in fish?

A

Water flows across the gill plate in the opposite direction as blood in the capillaries
Oxygen gradient maintained as diffusion is across the entire gill plate
Rate of diffusion is high
Greater amount of oxygen absorbed into the blood

39
Q

What is the gas exchange in amphibians?

A

When inactive, they use their moist skin for gas exchange and use simple lungs when active (tadpole stage uses gills).

40
Q

What is the gas exchange in reptiles?

A

Gas exchange occurs in the lungs and is aided by the movement of the ribs and intercostal muscles.

41
Q

What is the gas exchange in birds?

A

Lungs are small and compact, composed of numerous bronchi. Gas exchange occurs at the blood capillaries at the end of the parabronchi. During flight the action of the wing muscles ventilates the lungs.

42
Q

How do insects maintain a large surface area:volume ratio?

A

Extensive system of branching tracheoles
Withdrawal of fluid from tracheoles during activity increases sa

43
Q

How do insects maintain a large diffusion gradient?

A

Continual flow of air through the tracheae

44
Q

How do insects maintain a short diffusion distance?

A

Thin tracheole walls
Withdrawal of fluid from tracheoles lets air get closer to cells

45
Q

How do fish maintain a large surface area:volume ratio?

A

Each gill has many rows of paired gill filaments
Each filament has gill plates at right angles
Each gill plate has a large surface area and a mass of capillaries

46
Q

How do fish maintain a diffusion gradient?

A

Ventilation ensures continual flow of water
Circulation of blood
Counter-current flow

47
Q

How do fish maintain a short diffusion distance?

A

Gill plate walls only one cell thick
Capillary walls only one cell thick
Blood close to surface of plate

48
Q

Describe the mechanism of stomata closing.

A
  1. Light intensity is too low for photosynthesis
  2. Potassium ions diffuse out of guard cells
  3. Malate is converted back into starch by condensation reaction
  4. Water potential of the guard cells increases
  5. Water leaves the guard cells by osmosis
  6. The guard cells become flaccid which closes the stomatal pore
49
Q

How does blood flow in fish?

A

Blood flows from an afferent vessel, in each gill arch and gill filament, across each gill plate and back to and efferent vessel.

50
Q

What problem do fish face and how do they overcome it?

A

Water is more dense and viscous than oxygen, so it is more difficult to move over a respiratory surface. Ventilation allows water to pass continuously over the gills even when the fish is resting to maximise oxygen intake.

51
Q

What problems do insects face, and how do they overcome it?

A

In dry conditions, insects are prone to dessiccation, but they can reduce water loss by closing their spiracles with a muscular valve. Hairs in the spiracles can also trap moist air.

Biology 🧫 (11 decks)

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