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Biology AS (Ms Blackie) > Adaptations for nutrition > Flashcards

Adaptations for nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of nutrition?

A
  1. autotrophic nutrition
  2. heterotrophic nutrition
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2
Q

Define autotrophic nutrition (what are they in normal terms?)

A

organisms that make their won food from the simple inorganic raw materials, carbon dioxide and water
Producers

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3
Q

What are the two types of autotrophic nutrition?

A
  1. photoautotrophic
  2. chemoautotrophic
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4
Q

briefly described what photoautotrophic nutrition is and what it’s described as

A

organisms which use light as an energy source and perform photosynthesis, they are usually green plants
Described as holophytic nutrition

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5
Q

how do autotrophic bacteria differ from plants?

A

as the hydrogen needed to reduce carbon dioxide comes from hydrogen sulphide, not water

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6
Q

briefly describe what chemoautotrophic nutrition is and give an example

A

organisms which use energy from chemical reactions, these organisms are all prokaryotes and perform chemosynthesis (less efficient)
nitrifying bacteria in nitrogen cycle

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7
Q

Define heterotrophic nutrition, what is this in simple terms, which organisms are included in this?

A

organisms that can;t make their own food and consume complex organic molecules produced by autotrophs
consumers
animals, fungi, some protoctista and some bacteria

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8
Q

what three types of nutrition are included in heterotrophic nutrition?

A
  1. sapotrophic nutrition
  2. parasitic nutrition
  3. holozoic nutrition
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9
Q

define sapotrophic nutrition and what its used by

A
  • feed on decaying/dead matter and have no specialized digestive system, instead they secrete enzymes onto food material outside the body (extracellular digestion)
  • used by all fungi and some bacteria
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10
Q

Define parasitic nutrition and give some examples of parasite’s adaptions
where do endoparasites live? exoparasites?

A
  • obtain nutrition from a host organism which always suffer some harm and often death
  • headlice, tapeworm, plasmodium (malaria)
  • endo live in host body, exo live on its surface
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11
Q

Define holozoic nutrition and what its used by, and define detritivores

A
  • food is processed inside body inside specialized digestive system where digestive material’s absorbed into body tissues
  • used by most animals
  • detritivores feed on dead and decaying material
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12
Q

what is the difference between saprotrophs and detritivores

A

Detritivores consume detritus directly by eating dead organic matter.
Saprotrophs feed on dead organic matter through extracellular digestion, breaking it down externally before absorbing nutrients.

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13
Q

define mutualism/symbiosis

A

close association between members of 2 different species, but in this case both derive benefit from the relationship

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14
Q

Amoeba is the unicellular organism we study, what nutrition does it use? how does it obtain nutrients?

A

Holozoic nutrition, large SA:VOL
- obtains nutrients by diffusion (facilitated diffusion or active transport across cell membrane)
- does so by engulfing food (larger molecules) by endocytosis, lysosomes fuse w/food vacuole and release digestive enzymes

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15
Q

What sort of gut does the hydro gave?

A

sac-like gut

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16
Q

what are the hydra’s two layers of cells and what do they do?

A

ectoderm and endoderm
endoderm cells secrete protease and lipase to digest prey extracellularly and products of digestion are absorbed

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17
Q

how does the hydra kill its prey?

A

stinging cells on their six tentacles to paralyse

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18
Q

give an example of an organism with a simple tube like gut

A

earthworm

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19
Q

define peristalsis

A

rhythmic wave of coordinated muscular contractions in the circular longitudinal muscle of the gut wall, passing food along in 1 direction only

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20
Q

what must polymers be converted to? why?

A

monomers so they can be rebuilt into molecules needed by body cells

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21
Q

define the gut

A

long, hollow muscular tube which allows movement of its contents in 1 direction only

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22
Q

what are the four functions of the gut? define them

A
  1. Ingestion, the intake of food through the buccal cavity (mouth)
  2. Digestion, the breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules (mechanical and chemical)
  3. Absorption, passage of molecules and ions through the gut wall into the blood
  4. Egestion, elimination of waste not made by the body and indigestible food
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23
Q

Define chemical and mechanical digestion

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A

chemical: digestive enzymes, bile and stomach acid contribute to break down food
mechanical: cutting and crushing by teeth (increase surface area) and muscle contractions of gut wall

24
Q

where do the four gut functions occur?

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A

ingestion and mechanical digestion in the mouth
chemical digestion in the stomach
chemical and absorption in the small intestine

25
what is the gut wall composed of? Going from outer wall in
1. Serosa 2. Longitudinal muscles 3. Circular muscle 4. Submucosa 5. Mucosa
26
what does the serosa layer do? and what is it made up of?
made up of tough connective tissue to protect the gut wall and reduces friction with other organs while gut moves when processing food
27
what does the two muscle layers do?
longitudinal and circular make coordinated waves of contractions: peristalsis
28
what does the submucosa layer do? and what is it made up of?
made up of connective tissue containing blood and lymph vessels to removed absorbed products of digestion and nerves coordinate peristalsis
29
what does the mucosa layer do?
inner most layer which lines the gut wall, its epithelium secretes mucus to lubricate and protect the mucosa
30
what is the breakdown of carbs and what are the enzymes?
polysaccharides - disaccahrides - monosaccharides amylase hydrolyses starch and glycogen to disaccharide maltose maltase digests maltose to glucose
31
what is the breakdown of proteins and what are the enzymes?
polypeptides - dipeptides - amino acids endopeptidases hydrolyse peptide bonds within protein molecules exopeptidases hydrolyse terminal peptide bonds at ends of shorter polypeptides to release amino acids - eg endo first then exo
32
what is the breakdown of fats and what are the enzymes?
fats - fatty acids - monoglycerides by lipase fungal lipase and lipase in adipose tissue hydrolyses triglycerides to 3 fatty acids and glycerol pancreatic liapse produces two fatty acids and monoglyceride
33
what are the three reginal specialisations of the mammalian gut?
1. Buccal cavity 2. Oesophagus 3. Stomach
34
what happens at the Buccal cavity?
mechanical digestion, food mixed with saliva
35
what does saliva contain?
amylase, HCO3- and CO32- ions, pH varies between 6.2 and 7.4
36
what happens at the oesophagus?
no role in digestion but carries food to the stomach, wall shows tissue layers in simplest form
37
what are the large folds of the mucosa called and what is their function?
mucosa large folds called rugae increase SA for digestion
38
where is the gastric juice secreted from and where are they found, what else if secreted?
gastric juice is secreted from glands in gastric pits peptidases are secreted by chief cells at the base of gastric pits, pepsinogen (inactive) is secreted and ctivated by H+ ions to pepsin
39
what is the purpose of endopeptidases? where is HCl secreted? what for?
endopeptidase hydrolyses protein to polypeptides HCl secreted by oxyntic cells lowers stomach pH to pH2, opt pH for enzymes and kills most bacteria in food
40
where is mucus secreted from? what is its purpose?
mucus secreted by goblet cells at top of gastric pits forms lining which protects stomach wall from enzyme digestion and lubricates food
41
what comprises the small intestine?
duodenum and ileum
42
what allows food through into the duodenum from stomach?
relaxation of the sphincter muscle at the base of stomach allows small amounts of partially digested food into duodenum at a time
43
where is bile made and stored? what does it pass through? what does it contain?
made in liver stored in gall bladder passed through bile duct no enzymes, contains bile salts for emulsification of lipids alkaline and neutralizes acid in food from stomach
44
what is the purpose of bile and how does it do what it does?
emulsifies lipids by loering surface tension and breaking up large gobules, smaller gobules have more SA therefore, digestion more efficient
45
what is pancreatic juice secreted by? what does it contain?
by islet cells contains 4 enzymes - Trypsinogen, endopeptidases, amylase, lipase
46
what is trypsinogen?
inactive enzyme converted in endopeptidease trypsin by duodenal enzyme enterokinase
47
what are endopeptidases?
enzymes that hydrolyse proteins and polypeptides to peptides
48
what raises the pH of pancreatic juice, why?
sodium hydrogen carbonate makes it slightly more alkaline and contributes to neutralising stomach acid and providing the appropriate pH for pancreatic enzymes to work
49
what are pepsin and tripepsin secreted as?
inactive enzymes pepsinogen and trypepsinogen
50
what completes digestion in the duodenum? what is secreted? what is absorbed?
enzymes secreted by cells at the tips of villi complete digestion carbohydrase are secreted to digest disaccharides, some disaccharides are absorbed and mainly monosaccharides, so digestion is intracellular.
51
what is the structure of the ileum for digestion?
very long and folded lining for larger SA for absorption (folded lining has villi, villi has microvilli) base of villi have glands called crypts of Lieburkuhn, epithelial cells of crypts produce digestive enzymes which complete digestion
52
what do the epithelial cells contain which aids absorption?
large number of mitochondria as ATP for active absorbtion
53
how are amino acids absorbed?
absorbed into epithelial cells by active transport and pass into capillaries via faciliatted diffusion, they're water soluble and dissolve in plasma
54
how is glucose absorbed?
passes into epithelial cells w/soium by co-transport, move into capillaries, sodium by active transport and glucose by faciliated diffusion and dissolve into plasma
55
why is not glucose absorbed and how does the body prevent it leaving?
diffusion and facilitated diffusion is slow so not all glucose absorbed to prevent leaving in faeces some is absorbed by AT
56
how are fatty acids absorbed by the body?
diffuse into epithelial cells and into lacteals lacteals are blind ending lymph capillaries in the center of the villus, they're a part of the lymphatic system which transpprts fat soluble molecules and opens into blood stream at thoracic duct
57
what are the food molecules uses in the body?
lipids - used in membranes to make some hormones but excess stored other molecules taken in by hepatic portal vein to liver glucose taken to body cells for respiration and stored as glycogen in liver and muscle cells, excess stored as fat

Biology AS (Ms Blackie) (12 decks)

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