Adaptations of Metabolism Flashcards
What do the changes in pregnancy ensure?
Foetal supply of a wide range of nutrients, appropriate rate, minimal disturbances to maternal nutrient homeostasis, foetus is buffered from major disturbances in maternal nutrient supply
What happens to maternal insulin as pregnancy proceeds?
Concentration increases as pregnancy proceeds to promote uptake and storage of nutrients
What happens to foetal-placental hormones as pregnancy proceeds?
Increase. They largely oppose actions of insulin and maintain the glucose conc gradient
What are the metabolic changes in the first half of pregnancy?
Anabolic - storage. High insulin:anti-insulin ratio
What are the metabolic changes in the second half of pregnancy?
Catabolic - supply. Low insulin:anti-insulin ratio
What is maternal ketogenesis?
Increased amounts of FA to the liver producing ketones which are used to fuel the developing foetal brain. Low insulin:anti-insulin ratio
What is gestational diabetes?
Beta cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy usually occurs. If not then there is increased glucose in blood - usually goes away after giving birth
What do metabolic responses to exercise ensure?
Increased energy demands are met, minimal disturbance to homeostasis - rate of mobilisation = rate of utilisation, glucose is supplied to brain to prevent hypoglycaemia, end products of metabolism removed quickly
What does the nature and extent of metabolic activity depend on?
Type of exercise, intensity, duration, nutritional status and physical contion
Why is using muscle glycogen advantageous?
Availability not affected by blood supply, no need for membrane transport, produces G6P without using ATP
How does H+ impair muscles?
Inhibition of glycolysis, H+ interferes with actin/myosin interaction, H+ causes sarcoplasmic reticulum to bind calcium (inhibits contraction). Build up produces fatigue
What factors limit the use of FAs?
Rate of lipolysis, transport, rate of uptake, oxidation requires more oxygen/mole of ATP than glucose, need aerobic conditions
What are the benefits of exercise?
Less adipose, more muscle, glucose tolerance improves, insulin sensitivity increases, blood TAGs decrease, psychological effects - ‘well-being’
