Adaption to negative Energy balance

Question 1

________ ________ increase glucagon and decrease ________ during starvation

Answer 1

Pancreatic islets
insulin

Question 2

Within the liver, ____________ activates CREB and the transcription factor _______ as a result of decreased insulin. This gene and transcription factor induce g6Pase and PEPCK which are ____________ genes

Answer 2

Glucagon
FOXO1
gluconeogenic

Question 3

A reduction of insulin leads to reduced phosphorylation __________ which is the master regulator of protein synthesis. Amino acids from skeletal muscle serve as substrate for gluconeogenesis

Answer 3

MTOR

Question 4

During starvation in adipose tissue, low insulin means higher levels of CAMP which leads to increased __________. HSL and fatty acid release

Answer 4

Basal lipolysis

Question 5

During starvation in in liver, long chain fatty acids bind and acitvate _________ which increases fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis in liver (not skeletal muscle)

Answer 5

PPARa

Question 6

During starvation, genes for fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis in skeletal muscle are induced by ___________

Answer 6

PPARy

Question 7

Epinephrine stimulates adaptation for acute needs but ________ occur during chronic starvation

Answer 7

glucocorticoids

Question 8

During starvation, energy source switches from _________ to _________

Answer 8

Glucose
Fatty acids

Question 9

To minimize loss of protein, water and electrolytes during starvation, ____________ is down regulated to reduce glucose needs and secretes ________ instead of urea in urine

Answer 9

protein synthesis
ammonia

Question 10

Primary changes in hormones that regulate macro metabolism include increase in _____ and decrease in __________

Answer 10

glucagon
insulin

Question 11

_________________ increase gluconeogenesis via strong induction of pepck and ___________ degradation

Answer 11

glucocorticoids
protein

Question 12

_____________ surges during in starvation to maintain blood glucose

Answer 12

growth hormone

Question 13

________ is the hunger hormone that is essential to stimulate GH secretion to maintain blood glucose. Looked to inhibit for obese individuals but complete supression leads to deathly hypoglycemia due to lack of GH secretion

Answer 13

Ghrelin

Question 14

PPARa induces ________ which blocks GH-IGF1 which is a stimulant for protein synthesis

Answer 14

FGF21

Question 15

________ reduces appetite, secreted from adipocytes. It sends signals to other organs that sufficient energy is stored in adipose. Dosage and effectiveness stops when saturation occurs

Answer 15

Leptin

Question 16

Sufficient leptin means there is energy for other activities such as growth and __________. Therefore, leptin levels tend to be _______ in obese individuals

Answer 16

Reproduction
Elevated

Question 17

During starvation, induction of gluconeogenesis in liver occurs via transcription factors _____________(3) which are stimulated by glucagon and glucocorticoids which induce the target gluconeogenic genes PEPCK and G6PASE

Answer 17

FOXO1
cREB
GR (glucocorticoid receptor)

Question 18

Protein breakdown in skeletal muscle increases by _____________ as protein degradation provides amino acids for gluconeogenesis

Answer 18

glucocorticoids

Question 19

_______________ and _____________ occurs during starvation when long chain fatty acids released from adipose activate PPARa. In skeletal muscle, ______ induces these processes

Answer 19

Ketogenesis and B-oxidation
PPARy

Question 20

To avoid adverse health effects of prolonged negative energy balance, supply all nutrients except energy to induce ______ ________ of energy from ___________ in adipose tissue to reduce fat mass

Answer 20

efficient mobilization
triglycerides

Question 21

Starvation VS weight loss: ___________ for gluconeogenesis

Answer 21

provision of amino acids
Starvation: skeletal muscle, protein degradation
Weight loss: supplied in diet

Question 22

Health outcomes of VLCD include (3)

Answer 22

cardiac arrhythmia (mineral depletion)
cardiac muscle atrophy
Hypokalemia

Question 23

cardiac arrhythmia developed by collagen based diet led to
1.) _________ nitrogen
2.) _________ potassium and sodium
3.) _______ magnesium
4.) ____________ calcium
5.) ____________ phosph

Answer 23

1.) unbalanced nitrogen, muscle loss
2.) balanced K and Na
3.) depleted mg; cell volume decreasing
4.) neutral balance as bone density depleted
5.) depleted phosph as it’s extracted from bone as calcium phosp but rest is excreted

Question 24

protein ___________ is just as imperative to sufficient amounts

Answer 24

quality

Question 25

Increased protein in VLCD primarily prevented __________

Answer 25

negative nitrogen balance

Question 26

Nitrogen balance was better achieved by those with high protein supplementation because _________

Answer 26

energy was so low high protein prevented muscle degradation that occurs when AAs are needed during gluconeogenesis

Question 27

Regular deficit calorie diet with 1.25 g/kg protein supplementation resulted in weight loss, increased fat mass loss and less lean body mass lost

Answer 27

Protein prevented current lean body mass from being lost by supplying AAs to encourage use of FA utilization for energy rather than AA

Question 28

Once body adapts to negative energy balance and FAs from triglycerides are used to as primary energy source, ________ decreases

Answer 28

hunger/food cravings

Question 29

VLCD and sufficient protein resulted in ___________ ____________ supporting the idea that you need to fuel properly for physical exercise. VLCD with excess protein resulted in __________ _______________ showing that muscle preservation can occur during weight loss

Answer 29

decrease VO2 max
VO2 max preservation

Question 30

Short term alternate day/intermittent fasting resulted in ___________ hunger because __________ to weight loss never occurs

Answer 30

increased
adaptation

Question 31

Long term alternate fasting and intermittent resulted in no significant difference in ___________ but high rates of drop out and ____________

Answer 31

weight loss
hunger

Question 32

Difference between IF and TRE

Answer 32

IF; consumption decreases for 2 days
TRE; restricted eating window within the same day