Adaptive Immunity Flashcards
(34 cards)
What does the immune system recognize as foreign?
Antigen
Lymphocytes that originate from the red bone marrow.
T cells and B cells
What leaves the red bone marrow to mature?
Pre-T cells
What mature T cells exit the thymus?
helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells
Which adaptive immunity attacks invading antigen directly and are against intracellular pathogens? What cells are involved?
Cell-mediated immunity and cytotoxic T cells
What adaptive immunity is against extracellular pathogens? What binds to and inactivate antigens fluids?
Antibody-mediated immunity and Antibodies created by B cells
What are the two types of clone of cells?
Effector and memory cells
These cells cause the deactivation or destruction of antigens. What are the cells involved in these cells?
Effector cells and they include: active helper T cells, active cytotoxic T cells and plasma cells
These cells do not actively participate in the initial immune response. What are the cells involved?
Memory cells and they include: memory helper T cells, memory cytotoxic T cells, and B cells
Which immunoglobulins are being identified?
About 80 percent of all antibodies in the blood; protects against bacteria and viruses; the only class that can cross the placenta
IgG immunoglobulin
Which immunoglobulins are being identified?
About 10-15 percent of all antibodies in the blood; found in sweat, tears, saliva; Levels decrease during stress; Provides localized protection
IgA
Which immunoglobulins are being identified?
About 5-10 percent of all antibodies; the first antibody class secreted by plasma cells; Activates complement;
IgM
Which immunoglobulins are being identified?
About 0.2 percent of all antibodies; involved in the activation of B cells
IgD
Which immunoglobulins are being identified?
Less than 0.1 percent of all antibodies; mast cells and basophils; involved in allergies and hypersensitivity reactions
IgE
[Processing and Presenting Antigens]
Antigen-presenting cells ingest antigens by phagocytosis. Ingestion could occur almost anywhere in the body that invaders, such as microbes, have penetrated the nonspecific defenses.
Ingestion of the antigen
[Processing and Presenting Antigens]
Within APC, protein-digesting enzymes split large antigens into short peptide fragments
Digestion of antigen into fragments
[Processing and Presenting Antigens]
APC synthesizes MHC molecules and packages them into vesicles
Synthesis of MHC molecules
[Processing and Presenting Antigens]
The vesicles containing antigen fragments and MHC molecules merge and fuse
Fusion of vesicles
[Processing and Presenting Antigens]
After fusion of the two vesicles, antigen fragments bind to MHC molecules
Binding of fragments to MHC molecules
[Processing and Presenting Antigens]
The combined vesicle that contains antigen-MHC complexes splits open and the antigen-MHC complexes are inserted into the plasma membrane
Insertion of antigen–MHC complexes into the plasma membrane
A T cell is activated if its antigen receptor binds to the foreign antigen and receives a second stimulating signal.
Costimulation with Interleukin 2
The act of proliferation and differentiation of cells.
Clonal selection
Produced by cytotoxic T cells and are protein-digesting enzymes that trigger apoptosis.
Granzymes
These insert into the plasma membrane and creates channels in the membrane.
Perforin
