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MICB 308 > Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

adaptive immunity: characteristics (2)

A
  • disease/antigen specific
  • memory
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2
Q

adaptive immunity: what processes are involved (3)

A
  • clonal selection
  • clonal expansion
  • results in amplification of immune response
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3
Q

adaptive immunity: speed (2)

A
  • initially slow
  • more rapid in later stages
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4
Q

adaptive immunity: types (2)

A
  • humoral
  • cellular
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5
Q

cell-mediated immunity responses

A
  • T cells attack infected body cells that display antigen of pathogens on surface
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6
Q

humoral immunity

A
  • B cells produce antibodies after activation by soluble antigens
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7
Q

adaptive immunity: cell types (3)

A
  • B cells
  • T cells
  • antigen presenting cells (APCs)
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8
Q

antigen presenting cells (3)

A
  • dendritic cells
  • macrophages
  • B cells
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9
Q

how does the adaptive immune system achieve diversity

A
  • millions of B and T cells with unique receptors for recognizing antigens
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10
Q

B cell receptors (2)

A
  • surface IgM
  • surface IgD
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11
Q

what do B cell receptors recognize

A
  • soluble antigens
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12
Q

what do T cell receptors recognize

A
  • peptide antigen in conjunction with major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
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13
Q

clonal selection

A
  • expansion of a single B or T cell after its receptor is engaged
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14
Q

clonal selection: result (2)

A
  • development of specific effector cells
  • development of memory cells
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15
Q

clonal selection: specific effector cells (3)

A
  • plasma cells that produce antibodies
  • cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)
  • helper T cells (CD4+)
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16
Q

clonal selection: memory cells (2)

A
  • activated more easily and quicker
  • long-lived
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17
Q

antigen presentation: pathogen/large protein taken up by APC (5)

A
  1. once in the cytosol, the bacterial proteins will be degraded by proteasome to produce peptides
  2. peptides transported to the lumen of the ER via TAP transporter
  3. peptides associate with MHC class I
  4. complex transported to cell surface
  5. complex now interacts with T cell receptor (TCR) on CD8+ cells
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18
Q

antigen presentation: what is used to transport peptides to the ER lumen

A
  • TAP transporter
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19
Q

antigen presentation: soluble antigen taken up by APC (5)

A
  1. antigen in endosome is trafficked to the lysosome
  2. proteins are degraded in the lysosome
  3. vesicles containing peptide will fuse with vesicles containing MHC Class II
  4. complex traffics to cell membrane
  5. complex engages with TCR on CD4+ T cells
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20
Q

antigen presentation: CD8+ cells (2)

A
  • engage with MHC Class I complex
  • associated with whole pathogens/proteins found in APC cytosol
21
Q

antigen presentation: CD4+ cells (2)

A
  • engage with MHC Class II complex
  • associated with antigens taken up by endocytosis
22
Q

cytotoxic T cells (Tc): recognition

A
  • recognize Ag in conjunction with MHC CI
23
Q

cytotoxic T cells (Tc): role (2)

A
  • Tc gets activated and kills target cells
  • produce interferon-γ (IFN-γ)
24
Q

how do cytotoxic T cells kill target cells (2)

A
  • via perforin and granzyme
  • leads to apoptosis of the target
25
Q

INF-γ (2)

A
  • activates macrophages
  • produced by activated cytotoxic T cells
26
Q

T helper cells (Th): role (2)

A
  • secrete cytokines
  • type of effector response depends on pattern of cytokines they secrete
27
Q

Th1: main role

A
  • contribute to inflammatory response
28
Q

how do Th1 cells contribute to inflammatory responses (3)

A
  • attract and activate macrophages
  • activates Tc
  • make IFN-γ and TNF-α
29
Q

Th2: main role (2)

A
  • provide help to B cells (humoral response- Ab) for T-dependent antigens
  • make IL-4 and IL-5
30
Q

what are the humoral responses (5)

A
  • Ag will interact with B cells via BCR
  • B cells take up Ag
  • Ag is processes and presented in context of MHC CII
  • activated T cell produces IL-4 and IL-5
  • B cell proliferates and differentiates into plasma cells that produce specific antibodies
31
Q

humoral response: BCR:Ag interaction signals (2)

A
  • signaling via BCR
  • signaling via interaction with T cell (co-stimulatory molecules and cytokines)
32
Q

humoral response: B cell and T cell co-stimulation molecules (2)

A
  • CD40 on B cells
  • CD40 ligand on Th2
33
Q

humoral response: which T cells produce IL-4 and IL-5 (2)

A
  • cytokines are produced by T cell that recognized the same Ag that was recognized by the B cell
  • called Linked Recognition
34
Q

humoral response: activated of B cell results (2)

A
  • memory B cell
  • plasma cell that produces Ab
35
Q

antibodies: roles (3)

A
  • neutralize the antigen
  • opsonization
  • activation of the classical pathway of C’
36
Q

antibodies: types (2)

A
  • monoclonal vs polyclonal
  • T-dependent vs T-independent
37
Q

polyclonal antibodies

A
  • antibodies that bind to the same antigen at different epitopes
38
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A
  • antibodies that bind to the same antigen at the same epitope
39
Q

antigen components (4)

A
  • heavy chain
  • hinge region
  • light chain
  • antigen binding site
40
Q

antigen components: constant portion (2)

A
  • heavy chain
  • hinge region
41
Q

antigen components: variable portion (2)

A
  • light chain
  • antigen binding site
42
Q

T-dependent antigens

A
  • B cells cannot under activation without help from helper T cells through co-stimulation
43
Q

T-independent antigens

A
  • B cells can undergo activation without help from T cells
44
Q

Haemophilus influenzae B (Hib) (2)

A
  • causes meningitis
  • results in intellectual disability, deafness, or seizures
45
Q

Hib: immune response

A
  • protective immune response mediated by antibody against capsular polysaccharide
46
Q

Hib: immune response in adults vs babies (2)

A
  • adults make an effective immune response to capsule
  • babies have immature immune system and do not make T-independent immune responses
47
Q

how to turn a T-independent Ag to a T-dependent Ag (2)

A
  • make a conjugate vaccine
  • link the polysaccharide to a protein that does induce T-dependent B cell activation
48
Q

Hib vaccine (3)

A
  • Hib capsular polysaccharide is linked to tetanus/DT toxoids
  • engage T cells that recognize the toxin and B cells that recognize the polysaccharide
  • T cells provide help to B cells, leading to affinity maturation and production of both plasma cells and memory B cells

MICB 308 (22 decks)

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