Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Immunology > Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name used ofr ‘adaptive’ immunity?

A

antibody-mediated
humoral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the cells of the adaptive immunity?

A

B-cell (Memory B-cell, Plasma cell)
Natural killer cell
T-cell (Memory T-cell, Cytotoxic T-cell, Helper T-cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the cells of antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity?

A

B-proginator cell:
- Memory B-cell
- Plasma cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the difference between antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity?

A

antibody-mediated immunity: fights EXTRACELLULAR threats

cell-mediated immunity: fights INTRACELLULAR threats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of the antibody-mediated immunity?

A

fights extracellular threats:
- extracellular bacterium,
- fungi,
- parasitic worms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of cell-mediated immunity?

A

fights intracellular threats:
- viruses,
- intracellular becterium,
- cancer cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the main cell of the antibody-mediated immunity? (+ role in the army)

A

B-cell
- sniper of the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is specific about B-cells?

A
  • cell surface is covered by antigen-binding receptors (B cell receptors (BCRs))
  • each B cell can respons to one type of antigen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does ‘BCR’ stand for?

A

B-cell receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens when an antigen binds the BCR?

B-cell receptor

A

receptors will be released
and be called antibodies (immunoglobulins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Explain the structure of an antibody.

A
  • consists of pairs of light and heavy chains
  • FC region: tail of the Y is bound to B cell surface
  • Fab regions: arms of the Y bind antigens
  • antigen binding site is hyper-variable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the FC region of the antibody? What does it bind to?

A
  • the tail
  • bound to the B-cell surface
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the Fab region of the antibody? What does it bind to?

A
  • the arms
  • bind antigens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a characteristic of the antigen binding site?

A

it is hyper-variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What must adaptive immunity be triggered by?

A

foreign material capture, processing and presentation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the different antigen presenting cells?

A

– Dendritic cells
– Macrophages
– B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do antigen presenting cells detect PAMSs?

A

by TRLs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do antigen cells do after detecting PAMPs?

A
  • capture
  • process
  • antigen molecules are presented on MHC class II molecules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do antigens presented on MHC class II molecules activate?

A

T-lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the different MHC classes?

A

MHC class I and II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is presented on MHC class I molecules?

A

endogenous (intracellular) antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

State an example of an antigen presented on MHC class I molecules.

A

viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is presented on MHC class II molecules?

A

exogenous (extracellular) antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

State an example of an antigen presented on MHC class II molecules.

A
  • bacteria,
  • fungi.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
State the efficiency of dendritic cells in antigen presentation.
~100x more efficient than macrophages and B-cells
26
What cells can only be activated by dendritic cells?
naive T-cells
27
Where is a large number of dendritic cells found? What are they called?
- location: skin - name: Langerhans cells
28
Does antigen-binding activate B-cells?
no! not alone! additional stimulation is required by T-helper cells and cytokines
29
What cells add additional stimulation allowing for the activation of B-cells?
- T-helper cells - cytokines
30
What must fistly occur before the co-stimulation of B-cells?
- antigen must be presented to T-helper cells - by antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
31
What are APCs? State examples.
Antigen Presenting Cells: - dendritic cells, - macrophages - B-cells
32
What molecules stimulate B-cells?
cytokines
33
What cell, releases what cytokines, upon antigen presentation?
T helper type 2 (Th2) releases cytokines: IL4, IL5, IL13
34
What stimulates cytokine secretion from Th2?
antigen presentation
35
What cytokines are released by Th2 cells?
IL4, IL13, and IL5
36
What is the function of IL4 and IL13?
stimulate the growth and differentiation of cells
37
What is the function of IL5?
promotes differentiated B cell differentiation into plasma cells
38
What do B-cells differentiate into?
plasma cells
39
What can happen to the antigen after antigen binding?
it can be: - internalized - degraded - presented on the surface of the B-cell
40
How can the antigen be internalized, degraded and presented on the surface of B cell?
by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule
41
Compare the APCs: B-cells and macrophages. | antigen presenting cells
B-cells are a lot more efficient APCs compared to macrophages.
42
Explain B-cell stimulation via receptor pairs.
43
What do fully activated B cells differentiate into?
plasma cells
44
What is the function of plasma cells?
synthesize and secrete ~10000 immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules per second
45
What does 'Ig' stand for?
immunoglobulin
46
What are Ig cells secreted by plasma cells identical to? | Immunoglobulin
their parent B-cell BCRs | B-cell receptor
47
What do some activated B-cells differentiate into?
memory B-cells
48
What is the function of memory B-cells?
remain in the organism and react in case of secondary exposure to a specific antigen.
49
What does memory B-cell activation lead to?
8-10x more plasma cells forming
50
How long, in humans, do memory cells remain stable for?
~60 years
51
Where are IgGs found at highest concentrations? | Immunoglobilin G
in the blood
52
What is the structure of IgG identical to?
BCRs | B-cell receptors
53
What does the small size of IgGs enable them to do?
penetrate the endothelium easier
54
What do IgGs preform by binding to pathogen surface antigens?
oponization
55
What is the second most abundant antibody in the blood?
IgMs | Immunoglobulin M
56
What structure do IgMs form?
a pentametric structure
57
What is more effective IgGs or IgMs?
IgMs
58
Do IgMs penetrate the endothelium easily?
no, they have hard time penetrating the endothelium
59
What immunoglobulin is expressed on body surfaces?
IgAs | Immunoglobulin A
60
Where are IgAs expressed?
on body surfaces: - intestines, - respiratory tract, - urinary tract,
61
What structure do IgAs form?
a dimeric structure
62
What is the function of IgAs?
- responsible for protecting mucosa of the organism (intestinal, respiratory and urinary tracts). - prevents adherence of invading pathogens to body surface
63
What is the concentration of IgEs in the blood?
extremely low
64
What is the function of IgEs?
activator cell for basophils and mast cells
65
What does the activation of basophils and mast cells trigger? What does this further lead to?
a release of high number of pro-inflammatory mediators, leading to the acute response.
66
What does the acute response cause?
- type I allergic reactions - plays a role in immunity against parasitic worms
67
What is the concentration of Igs in blood?
extremely low
68
What is the function of IgDs?
function is not very well understood but: IgDs bind to basophils and facilitate pro-inflammatory mediator release (similarily to IgEs)
69
What does the antigen-antibody complex inactivate by?
- neutralization - agglutenation - precipitation
70
What does neutralization, agglutenation and precipitation enhance?
phagocytosis
71
What does the antigen-antibody complex fix and activate by?
complement pairing
72
What does 'complement' lead to?
cell lysis
73
What does 'complement' enhance?
phagocytosis an inflammation
74
75
What are the two dividisions of adaptive immunity?
1) antibody-mediated (humoral) 2) cell mediated immunity
76
What cells are part of the adaptive immunity?
B-proginator cell: - memory b-cell - plasma cell T-proginator cell: - memory T-cell - cytotoxic t-cells - helpter T-cell Natural Killer cell | LYMPHOID PROGENITOR CELLS = LYMPHOCYTES
77
What cells produce antibodies?
plasma cells (b-cells)
78
Why do you feel fatigue?
nutrients are used to activate the immune system (immune system is 'stealing' energy from the body to fight the infection)
79
What is the FC region of an antibody used for?
binding to differnt cells (B-cells)
80
What does it mean for the antigen binding site to be 'hyper-variable'?
it can change shape depending on the type of pathogen the body is dealing with (it can become very specialized)
81
What must occur for the adaptive immunity to be triggered?
the antigen must first be identified. - dendritic cells and macrophages are constantly scouting the organism for 'foreign material'
82
What cells constantly scout the organism looking for foreign material to capture, process and present.
- dendritic cells (most! scouts) - macrophages - (b-cells) (only after the first infection has occured, doesn't count for the first infection!)
83
What is the MHC class II molecules? Where are they?
- present in all dendritic cells, macrophages, etc. - like an arm on the outside of the cell which 'picks' a random protein from the inside of the cell and presents it on the outside | if it is foreign, then t-cells will start producing antibodies
84
When having 2 classes, which class plays a role in antibody mediated immunity?
#2 is usually associated with antibody-mediated immunity
85
Where are MHC class I and II molecules found?
**MHC I**: found in **all** cells (as all cells can be infected with a virus, therefore all cells must be able to protect themselves intracellularily) **MHC II**: only found in dendritic cells and macrophages
86
What cells go with MHC class I and II molecules?
MHC class I: cytotoxic T cell MHC class II: helper T-cell
87
When do T-cells express CD154? What binds to them?
- only express when they become activated - subset of differentiation B-cells bind to CD154 using their CD40
88
When do B-cells express CD40? What do they bind to? When does this happen?
always, however only bind to T-cells when they express the CD154 (when the innate immune system is unable to deal with the infection)
89
What cells role is eliminated once the infection already occured? (once memory cells remember the antigen type) How many cells are needed?
dendritic cells only 2 cells needed instead of 3!
90
What does oponization do?
1) mark the bacterial cell for destruction 2) disables the bacterial cell to migrate, making it easier for other immune system cells to catch it
91
How many active sites do IgMs have?
10 active sites (2 antibodies x pentrametric structure)

Immunology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions