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Immunity and Pathology 1 > Adaptive Immunity 2 > Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

bone marrow

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2
Q

Where do B cells circulate and where are they found in large amounts

A

circulate in blood and lymph
found in lymphoid organs

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3
Q

How do B cells identify antigens?

A

B cell receptor (BCR)

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4
Q

What are BCRs usually?

A

antibodies
IgM and IgD

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5
Q

What quality in BCR allows identification of multiple antigens?

A

diversity

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6
Q

What are the 5 classes of immunoglobulins/antibodies?

A

IgG, IgE, IgD, IgM and IgA

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7
Q

What is the most prominent antibody in the body, where is it found and what is its role?

A

IgG
blood and bodily fluids
responsible for resistance against viruses, bacteria and bacterial toxins
IgG triggers phagocytosis to initiate opsonization reaction (complement cascade)

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8
Q

What is the role of IgE?

A

attaches to mast cells and basophils causing them to release histamine

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9
Q

What is the role of IgD?

A

on the surface of B cells where it binds to antigens

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10
Q

What is the role of IgM?

A

capable of binding multiple antigens
first class of antibody secreted after antigen is encountered
primary barrier against pathogens
declines as IgG accelerates

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11
Q

What is the role of IgA and where is it found?

A

attack pathogens before they enter internal tissues
found in secretions of saliva, sweat, mucus, urinary tract, semen, digestive tract

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12
Q

What differs in B cell receptor structure to T cells?

A

B cell receptors do not have alpha and beta chains
instead light and heavy chains

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13
Q

What is each developmental B cell stage defined by?

A

rearrangement of light and heavy chains

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14
Q

What genes does heavy chain rearrange?

A

Variable
Diversity
Joining

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15
Q

What genes does light chain rearrange?

A

Variable
Joining

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16
Q

What is the usual receptor for immature B cells?

A

IgM

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17
Q

What are the receptors for mature B cells?

A

IgM
IgD

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18
Q

What do B cells undergo before release?

A

negative selection in bone marrow

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19
Q

What will happen to B cells which do not pass negative selection?

A

engulfed by macrophages

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20
Q

What are the 3 main functions of antibodies?

A

Neutralisation
Opsonization
Initiation of complement

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21
Q

What is neutralisation?

A

attach to toxins or viruses and then inactivate them

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22
Q

What is opsonisation?

A

coating of pathogens by antibodies or complement proteins

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23
Q

What are the processes that opsonisation can trigger?

A

Phagocytosis
Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
Mast cell degranulation

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24
Q

What complement pathway are antibodies able to activate?

A

classic

25
Q

What is ADCC?

A

antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity

target cell or microbe is coated with antibodies and killed by certain types of white blood cells (NK cell).

26
Q

What antibodies initiate complement?

A

IgG and IgM

27
Q

How can B cells be activated and where?

A

Antigens which require T cell help are called Thymus-dependent antigens
Antigens which don’t are called Thymus-independent antigens

lymph nodes

28
Q

Where is a 2nd signal required for activation and what is it?

A

A 2nd signal required in (dependant antigen) is the co-stimulatory molecules on T helper cells and cytokines

29
Q

What are the receptors that bind between T cells and BCR that activate it?

A

CD40 to CD40L

30
Q

Describe B cell activation (dependant)

A

(1) the engagement of the T cell receptor with the MHC molecule on the surface of B cells that is presenting the pathogen antigen, and
(2) co-stimulatory signals provided by CD40 ligand on the surface of the T cells and CD40L receptor on the surface of the B cells.

IL 4,5,6 help proliferate plasma
Generates a pool of plasma cells which produce antibody
Also generates memory B cells
Plasma cells initially produce IgM before undergoing ‘class switching’ to IgG

31
Q

Describe B cell activation (independant)

A

Certain antigens such as bacterial LPS can activate B cells directly
Cells differentiate into plasma cell and produce IgM however antibody response is weaker than T cell dependent B cell activation
Thymus independent B cell activation does not lead to the generation of memory B cells (no long-term immunity)

32
Q

Why does class switching occur?

A

IgM response too weak therefore cells switch to IgG

33
Q

What increases through increased exposure?

A

antigen affinity in antibody

34
Q

What is avidity?

A

ability of antibodies to form complexes

35
Q

What is valency?

A

amount of antigen binding sites

36
Q

What antibodies have high affinity but low avidity?

A

IgG, IgA and IgE has high affinity but low avidity

37
Q

What antibody has high avidity but low affinity?

A

IgM

38
Q

What are all antibodies?

A

multivalent

39
Q

What is the valency of IgM?

A

decavalent

40
Q

What is the valency of IgA?

A

bivalent

41
Q

What antibody forms dimers after secretions?

A

IgA

42
Q

What are subgroups of IgG?

A

IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4

43
Q

What is IgE involved in?

A

allergy

44
Q

What does antigen exposure lead to?

A

immunological memory

45
Q

What is the basic principle of vaccination?

A

cells that are primed to produce a more effective IgG (rather than IgM) response immediately as the secondary response is much more specific

46
Q

What is immune tolerance?

A

Sometimes the immune system can become unresponsive to a particular antigen or set of antigens

47
Q

Where does immune tolerance occur?

A

in B and T cells

48
Q

What are the 2 types of immune tolerance and where do they occur?

A

Central – in the primary lymphoid organs (the thymus and bone-marrow)
Peripheral – occurs out with thymus and bone marrow

49
Q

What are immunogens and what are tolerogens?

A

Immunogens are antigens that elicit immune responses

Tolerogens are antigens induce a unresponsive state

50
Q

What are the two types of selection for T cells?

A

negative
positive

51
Q

What is selection in thymus and bone marrow an example of?

A

central tolerance

52
Q

What prevents activation of non-eliminated self-reactive T cells?

A

peripheral tolerance

53
Q

What is anergy

A

no response to antigens

54
Q

In peripheral tolerance what does signal 1 but not signal 2 result in?

A

anergy.

55
Q

In peripheral tolerance what does signal 1 and signal 2 but no signal 3 result in?

A

deletion by apoptosis

56
Q

Where does peripheral tolerance occur?

A

secondary lymphoid organs

57
Q

What happens to self-reactive B cells?

A

self reactive B cells do not receive T cell help and therefore become anergic

58
Q

What can breach of tolerance cause?

A

auto immune or allergy

59
Q

T cell and B cell interactions occur in the _____ of the lymph node.

A

germinal centre

Immunity and Pathology 1 (13 decks)

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