Adaptive Immunity - B and T cells

Question 1

What type of immunity is specific, requires prior exposure to foreign substances and creates immunological memory?

Answer 1

Adaptive immunity

Question 2

What are the adaptive immune responses? (3)

Answer 2

1. Recognition of antigen
2. Activation of lymphocytes (B and T cells)
3. Attack against antigen and creation of memory

Question 3

What type of stem cell divides to produce B and T cells?

Answer 3

Haematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

Question 4

Where do B and T cells develop?

Answer 4

Bone marrow

Question 6

Where do mature B cells move to?

Answer 6

Periphery (lymphoid organs)

Question 6

Where do T cells migrate to?

Answer 6

Thymus

Question 7

What immunoglobin do immature B cells have as a receptor on their surface? (known as BCR/B cell receptor)

Answer 7

IgM molecule (unique)

Question 8

What is the purpose of the BCR on B cells?

Answer 8

To recognise antigens

Question 9

What is immunoglobin (Ig)

Answer 9

An antibody

Question 10

What is the structure of Ig (antibody)

Answer 10

4 interliked polypeptide = 2 long heavy chains, 2 short light chains

Question 11

What are the 5 classes of immunoglobins?

Answer 11

IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA, and IgD

Question 12

What are the 2 most abundant immunoglobins in mammals?

Answer 12

IgM and IgG

Question 13

Which immunoglobin participates in defences against multicellular parasites and allergic responses?

Answer 13

IgE

Question 14

What immunoglobin is secreted by plasma cells in the linings of gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts to protect locally?

Answer 14

IgA (dimer)

Question 15

What is a major antibody in milk?

Answer 15

IgA (dimer)

Question 16

What immunoglobin’s function is unclear?

Answer 16

IgD

Question 17

What is the binding site of the antibody known as?

Answer 17

Epitope

Question 18

A substance capable of stimulating an immune response is known as what?

Answer 18

Antigen

Question 19

What is the difference between humoral and cellular immunity?

Answer 19

Humoral is activated by B cells, and cellular is activated by T cells

Question 20

The BCR is activated by antigens and by Helper-T cell cytokines is known as what?

Answer 20

T-dependent activation

Question 21

T-dependent activation

Answer 21

B cells proliferate into plasma cells that make antibodies, some form into memory cells

Question 22

Are lymphocytes specific or non-specific for antigens?

Answer 22

Specific for just one type of antigen

Question 23

Upon binding the antigen, lymphocyte undergoes cell division to make what?

Answer 23

Clones

Question 24

What do clones function as?

Answer 24

Plasma cells - carrying out attack on antigen Memory cells - for future encounters with that antigen

Question 25

What do activated B cells differentiate into?

Answer 25

Plasma cells

Question 26

Any T cells which receive too little or too much of a signal are deleted (apoptosis) describes what?

Answer 26

Clonal deletion

Question 27

In the selection of T cells, what happens to T cells with strong affinity?

Answer 27

They are deleted

Question 28

What are useful T cells differentiated into?

Answer 28

CD4+ 'helper' T cell CD8+ 'killer' T cell

Question 29

What do T cells recognise?

Answer 29

Antigens

Question 30

How are antigens recognised?

Answer 30

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

Question 31

What are the 2 forms of MHC?

Answer 31

MHC-I = CD8+ T cells MHC-II = CD4+ T cells

Question 32

Where are MHC-I molecules expressed?

Answer 32

On all mammalian cells

Question 33

Where are MHC-II molecules expressed?

Answer 33

Selectively expressed on professional antigen-presenting cells

Question 34

What cells are very good at presenting antigen via MHC-I and MHC-II?

Answer 34

Dendritic cells

Question 35

If antigens are engulfed from outside the cell and destroyed (bacteria), they are presented to...?

Answer 35

MHC-II (CD4+ T cells)

Question 36

If antigens are presented from inside the cell they are presented to...?

Answer 36

MHC-I (CD8+ T cells)

Question 37

What do activated T-cells proliferate rapidly and differentiate into?

Answer 37

Functional effector T cells

Question 38

What does Th1 secrete?

Answer 38

IFNy and activates macrophage function

Question 39

What does Th2 secrete?

Answer 39

IL-4 and 'helps' antibody function