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Patho > Adaptive Immunity Ch 9 > Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity Ch 9 Flashcards

(42 cards)

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1
Q

Types of adaptive immunity (2)

A

Acquired (active) and passive

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2
Q

Innnate versus adaptive immunity

A

Innate- non specific response, generalized, always responds
Adaptive- specific to invading organism, antibodies are specific providing long term protection and memory

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3
Q

antigen

A

The invader (bacteria, fungi, viruses, allergens, self)

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4
Q

Haptens

A

Too small alone to be immunogenic but binds with larger protein molecules to create response ie PCN, poison ivy

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5
Q

Antibody (Ig)

A

Short term versus long term immunoglobulins
Short- IgM is the first to respond, IgA (innate), IgE (allergy)
Long term IgG
IgD less known about

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6
Q

Antigen presenting cells

A

Lymphocytes cannot identify antigens by themselves the antigen presenting cell process (detects and engulf) and present the antigen for recognition by the T cells to activate the acquired response
Dendritic for new
Macrophage for old

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7
Q

4 categories of T cells

A

Memory T cells, helper T cells, regulatory T cells, cytotoxic T cells

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8
Q

Memory T cells

A

(CD 2) located on cell surface and work as marker for T cells

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9
Q

Helper T cells

A

(CD4) assist in activation in CD8, NK cells, B cells

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10
Q

Regulatory T cells

A

(CD4) help prevent autoimmune response

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11
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

(CD8) binds to surface antigen and destroys infected cells

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12
Q

T cell mature in the

A

Thymus, 2 chains join to make 1 specific antigen receptor

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13
Q

T cells provide this type of immunity

A

Cellular

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14
Q

How do T cells respond to antigens

A

Slower, stimulate cytokine response to activate leukocyte response or kill target activity

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15
Q

T cells maturity results in

A

Decrease response, no antibodies developed

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16
Q

Problems if T cells are impair

A

Opportunistic infections

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17
Q

B cell mature here

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A

Bone marrow, some will turn into memory cells

18
Q

B cell immunity type

19
Q

B cell response to antigen

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A

Have antigen binding sites with 2 roles once activated it produces daughter cells that make plasma cells. These cells are the antibody factories, and they secret IgM specific to antigens. Work outside the cell, bind and neutralize, secrete antibodies to fight antigens

20
Q

B cell antibody production

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A

Initial exposure- IgM production 7 days post exposure, IgG production makes 75% of antibodies , then levels drop
Secondary exposure- increase in IgG rapid, large amounts and remains elevated

21
Q

B cell maturity results

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A

Quicker response

22
Q

B cell issues if impaired

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A

More systemic reactions and more susceptible to encapsulated organisms

23
Q

4 ways antibodies provide protection from antigens

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A

Neutralization
Opsonization
Agglutination
Precipitation

24
Q

Neutralization

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A

Inactivate or cover the toxic portion of the antigen

25
Opsonization
Make antigen more identifiable for phagocytosis
26
Agglutination
Causes antigens to clump together and make it easier to eradicate one big group instead of many separate
27
Precipitation
Dissolve antigen into a solid
28
Direct effects on an antigen
Cover receptor sites to prevent antigen attachment like in an attenuated virus Bind with a toxin and neutralize it like in tetanus toxoid
29
Indirect effects in antigen
Antibodies activate the innate immune system, complement and phagocytosis, IgM complement activation, IgA Opsonization
30
Acquire adaptive immunity
After exposure to antigen or immunization, requires host immune system to respond, generate long term immunity Ex, chicken pox, measles, Covid Infection or vaccination
31
Passive adaptive immunity
Antibodies or T cells are transferred to recipient from donor No immune response from host Only temporary protection Ex. Maternal antibodies, rabies
32
Process of presenting and packaging the antigen for the lymphocytes
Macrophages role if it is a known antigen Dendritic cells if naive antigen
33
Lymphocytes in waiting
T cells produced in the thymus B cells in the bone marrows Move to secondary lymphoid cells as their waiting room lymph, spleen, tonsil, adenoids, Peyer patch, appendix
34
Aspects that affect the immune system
Stress-decrease number of lymphocytes Nutrition- decrease in zinc, B12, A, C, E, decrease B and T cell function and complement activation Cancer- cytokines-damage cells around CA, risk of nutrition deficiency Immunosuppressive- targets CA cells and healthy cells, opportunistic infections
35
Immune hypersensitivities (3)
1- allergy 3-immune complex hypersensitivity, AKA autoimmune 4-cell mediated AKA graft v host disease
36
Type 1 hypersensitivity (allergy)
Caused by mast cells, IgE Antigen degranulation results in histamine release, basophils and eosinophils respond, systemic vasodilation, and drop in BP Bronchoconstriction, respiratory distress, increase in vascular permeability TX is epi
37
Type 3 hypersensitivity immune complex hypersensitivity
Anti DNA, immune complexes to own DNA, antigen antibody complexes present to tissue, complement activated, neutrophils are notable to phagocytize lysosome into the tissue, test by anti nuclear antibodies (ANA) Affect kidneys, connective tissue, heart, Brain, damage is progression No cure, TX symptoms-anti inflammatory, IVIG, methotrexate
38
Type 4 hypersensitivity cell mediated
Cel mediated if HLA doesn’t match enough,, t helper, cytokines, macrophages, cytotoxicosis, kill target cell if can’t be killed may be walled off with a granuloma Graft V host disease, will attack transplanted tissue TX is anti rejection drugs and steroids
39
Immune related changes in newborns/fetus
Maternal antibodies start to transfer to placenta in the 1st trimester, and stop at about 37-40 weeks, preterm babies at risk for infection, last about 6 months PP, T and B cell production starts at 6-8 months PP, weak immune system, less mature, can get IgA, IgG, IgM from breast milk
40
Age related immune changes in the elderly
Decrease in number of T cells, B cells less responsive, decreased memory, “inflammaging” chronic inflammation r/t aging that results in chronic illness
41
Secretory immune response
Systemic immune response in the mucosal system such as lacrimal, salivary, bronchial, breast, GI, GU glands/tissue Plasma cells in secretory organs produce antibodies in secretions, these antibodies are secreted and act locally, IgA most common
42
Major histocompatibility complex
All cells (except RBC) have glycoprotein markers on the surface, genetic MHC loci inherited one from each parent. Combination off MCH marker play a role in human leukocyte antigen (HLA type). 6 basic types with 150 different variations, when one of these antigens is not present an individual may develop antibodies to it on exposure-causing transplant rejection Secondary role in controlling quality and quantity of immune response

Patho (17 decks)

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