Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neuro PTA > Added Info for Final > Flashcards

Added Info for Final Flashcards

(168 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What does ABI stand for?

A

Acquired Brain Injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does GCS stand for?

A

Glasco Coma Scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does LOC stand for?

A

Loss of consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does PTA stand for?

A

Post traumatic amnesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the definition of TBI?

A

Form of ABI

Caused from sudden trauma to the brain - IE. result of sudden and violent hit or when object pierces the skull and enters the brain

Symptoms can be mild, mod, or severe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an open TBI?

A

Penetrates the skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a closed TBI?

A

No penetration to skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the leading causes of TBI?

A

MVA
Falls
High risk behaviors
Gunshot wounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a functional recovery of a TBI?

A

Uncertain mechanisms. Each brain is different and does not respond to injury the same.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What determines the extent of open TBI?

A

Location, depth, and pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a diffuse axonal injury?

A

Result of closed head injury

Brain is alt compressed and stretched

Axons can be stretch or severed resulting in neuronal death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a primary TBI injury?

A

Initial brain injury sustained by impact

IE. skull penetration, fractures, contusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a coup lesion?

A

Direct brain lesion under the point of impact where brain damage occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is countrecoup?

A

Injury on opposite side of brain due to rebound effect after impact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a secondary TBI injury?

A

Brain damage as response to initial injury

IE. Hematoma, hypoxia, ischemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an epidural hematoma?

A

Hemorrhage that forms between skull and dura mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a subdural hematoma?

A

Hemorrhage that forms due to venous rupture between dura and arachnoid mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are examples of seizure drugs?

A

Dilantin
Tegretol
Phenobarbitol
Keppra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the side effects of seizure drugs?

A

Drowsiness
Ataxia
Confusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a craniotomy?

A

Removal of part of the skull to access brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What ages are at risk for severe TBI?

A

Under 2

Over 60 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the levels of consciousness?

A 
Coma
Stupor
Obtundity
Delerium
Clouding of consciousness
Consciousness
Vegetative state
Persistent vegetative state
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the definition of coma?

A

State of unconsciousness and level of unresponsiveness to all internal and external stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the definition of stupor?

A

State of general unresponsiveness with arousal occurring from repeated stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the definition of obtundity?
State of consciousness that is characterized by state of sleep, reduced alertness to arousal, and delayed responses to stimuli
26
What is the definition of delirium?
State of consciousness characterized by disorientation, confusion, agitation, and loudness
27
What is the definition of clouding of consciousness?
State of consciousness characterized by quiet behavior, confusion, poor attention, and delayed respones
28
What is the definition of consciousness?
State of alertness, awareness, orientation, and memory
29
What is the definition of vegetative state?
May have awoken from coma, but still have not regained awareness, have sleep-wake cycles
30
What is the definition of persistent vegetative state?
Same as vegetative state with a longer duration (> 4 weeks) Decreased quality of life
31
What does A and O x 3 mean?
Assess alertness and orientation by asking person, place, and time
32
What is the Glasgow Coma Scale?
Classify/describe severity of injury during the acute stage of a TBI Measures motor response, verbal response, and eye opening Based on 3-15 point scale and categorize outcomes of TBIs
33
What is the general scale of the Glasgow Coma Scale?
3-8: severe brain injury and coma in 90% of pts 9-12: mod brain injury 13-15: mild brain injury
34
What are the 3 categories of GCS?
Eye opening Motor response Verbal response
35
What is decorticate posture?
Trunk and LE in ext | UE in flex
36
What is decerebrate posture?
Trunk and extremities in ext
37
What characterizes a mild TBI?
LOC and/or confusion <30' MRI and CT scans often are normal Commonly overlooked
38
What are the sx/sx of mild TBI?
``` Fatigue HA Visual disturbances Memory loss Poor attention Sleep disturbances LOC Dizzy Irritability Depression Seizures Nausea Loss of smell Sensitivity to light and sounds Mood changes Getting lost or confused Slowness in thinking ```
39
What is the definition of moderate brain injury?
BI resulting in LOC from 20 min to 6 hr GCS = 9 to 12
40
What is the definition of severe brain injury?
BI resulting in LOC for greater than 6 hours GCS = 3 to 8
41
What are the prognosis indicators for TBI?
Duration of coma Memory impairments Age
42
What does aterograde mean?
Inability to create new memory Last to recover post-coma *Think anterior = not able to move forward and create new memories
43
What is the definition of post-traumatic?
Time b/t injury and when pt able to recall recent events
44
What is the definition of retrograde?
Inability to remember events prior to injury
45
What occurs during the acute management/ICU of TBI?
Minimize secondary injury and life support Mechanical ventilation Stent to control ICP Meds Surgical intervention
46
What ICP level is considered dangerous?
20 mmHg
47
What are the classification tools for TBI?
Glasgow Coma Scale | Rancho Los Amingos Scale
48
What is the Ranchos Lose Amigos scale of cognitive functioning?
Assess BI recovery Measures levels of awareness, cognition, behavior, and interaction with environment Can plateau at any time and not get completely through Ranchos scale
49
How are the levels of RLAS ranked?
Level 1 = most serious Level 8 = normal and appropriate
50
What is the developmental sequence for TBI posture treatment?
``` POE Quadruped Bridging Sitting Kneeling/half-kneeling Modified plantigrade Standing ```
51
What is modified plantigrade?
Standing with B UE support
52
What is a suspensory strategy?
Crouch strategy
53
What is Alzheimer's Disease?
Progressive neurodegenrative disorder
54
What are the physiologic characteristics of Alzheimer's Disease?
Neurons normally involved in ACh transmission deteriorate within the cerebral cortex Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles = more damage
55
What causes Alzheimer's Disease?
Unknown Thought to be lower levels of NT, higher levels of Al- within brain tissue, genetic inheritance, autoimmune disease, abnormal processing of amyloid, and virus
56
What are the sx/sx of Alzheimer's disease?
Difficulty with new learning and changes in memory and concentration
57
What is the progression of AD?
Disorientation, word finding difficulties, emotional lability, depression, and poor judgement
58
What are the middle stages of AD?
Behavioral and motor probs such as aphasia, apraxia, rigidity, bradykinesia, shuffling gait, decrease (I) ADLs, perseveration, agitation, violent behavior, and wandering
59
What are the end stages of AD?
Severe intellectual and physical destruction, incontinence, functional dependence, seizure activity, and inability to speak
60
What is the tx for AD?
No cure Meds can help symptoms
61
How does PT benefit AD?
Maximize function and education
62
What risks are posed to AD pt?
High risk for infection and pneumonia, contractures, decubiti, and fractures
63
What is ALS?
Chronic, degenerative resulting in UMN and LMN impairments
64
What are the physiologic characteristics of ALS?
Demyelination, axonal swelling, and atrophy within cerebral cortex, premotor areas, sensory cortex, and temporal cortex cause the sx Rapid degeneration that causes denervation of mm fibers, mm atrophy, and weakness
65
What is the cause for ALS?
Unknown Thought to be caused by genetics, slow acting virus, metabolic disturbances, toxicity of lead and aluminum More common in men between 40-70 years old
66
What are the sx/sx of ALS?
Asymmetric mm weakness, cramping, and hand atrophy Mm weakness d/t denervation cause fasciculations, atrophy, and mm wasting distally to proximal. Ends in eventual resp paralysis Dysarthria, dysphagia, and emotional lability
67
What is the primary indicator of ALS?
Motor impairment without sensory impairment
68
What is the tx for ALS?
No cure Meds may help with sx
69
What PT interventions are there for ALS?
QOL and education Low-level exercise ROM, mobility training, AD, w/c prescription, bronchial hygiene, and energy conservation
70
What is Parkinson's Disease?
Primary degenerative disorder Decrease dopamin production Degeneration of dopaminergic pathways create imbalance b/t dopamine and ACh
71
What is Parkinsonism?
Describes sx that are most commonly seen. Can be used to describe sx outside of PD such as hand tremors, slow movement, limb rigidity, and gait and balance pattern
72
What makes Levadopa a successful drug for PD?
Can cross BBB and convert to dopamine
73
What is the etiology of PD?
Unknown Thought to be caused by genetics, CO toxicity, excess manganese or copper, vascular impairment of striatum, encephalitis, and HD or AD
74
What are the sx/sx of PD?
Resting tremor (pill-rolling) that increases with stress and disappears during sleep
75
What are the early sx/sx of PD?
Balance impairments, difficulty rolling and rising from bed, fine motor impairments, and difficulty bathing and dressing
76
What are the progressive sx/sx of PD?
Hypokinesia, sluggish movement, difficulty initating and stopping movement, festinating and shuffling gait, bradykinesia, poor posture, dysphagia, and cogwheel/lead pipe rigidity
77
What is cogwheel rigidity?
Tension in mm that gives way in little jerks when the Mm is passively stretched
78
What is lead pipe rigidity?
A "smooth" rigidity Does not stop and give, stop and give
79
What is freezing in a PD patient?
Body can't move the way they want to during amb
80
What is tx of PD?
Dopamine replacement to reduce movement disorders, bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor - IE. levadopa, sinemet, madopar
81
What PT interventions are there for PD?
PWR LSVT BIG Rock Steady
82
What is Guillain-Barre Syndrome?
AKA acute polyneuropathy Autoimmune disorder Temp inflammation and demyelination of the peripheral myelin sheaths Potential axonal degeneration
83
What is the etiology of Guillain-Barre Syndrome?
Unknown Thought to be autoimmune response in response to previous resp infection, flue, immunization, or surgery
84
What are the sx/sx of GBS?
Distal symmetrical motor weakness and mild distal sensory impairment, and possible resp paralysis Absent DTRs, inability to speak or swallow
85
When does GBS normally peak?
2-4 weeks after onset
86
What is the tx of GBS?
Hospitalization - immunosuppressive and narcotics Cardiac monitoring, plasmapheresis, and possible mechanical vent
87
What PT interventions are involved with GBS?
Education, pulm rehab, strengthening, mobility training, w/c and orthotic prescription, and AD training
88
What PT interventions are involved in acute care for GBS?
PROM, positioning, and light exercise
89
What are special considerations to GBS?
May experience pelvic floor weakness, deep mm p!, arrhythmia, tachycardia, postural hypotension, and heart block
90
What is a heart block?
Heartbeat decreases and becomes so slow and the beat does not occur fast enough between chambers to pump out
91
What is Huntington's Disease?
CNS disorder characterized by degeneration and atrophy of basal ganglia and cerebral cortex Progressive disease
92
What is the cause of Huntington's Disease?
Genetics
93
What are the sx/sx of Huntington's disease?
Involuntary choreic movement, mild alt in personality, grimacing, tongue protrusion, and ataxia
94
What are the sx/sx of late stage Huntington's disease?
Mental deterioration, depression, dysphagia, incontinence, immobility, rigidity
95
What is the tx for Huntington's disease?
Meds to tx sx (anticonvulsants and antipsychotics)
96
What PT interventions are done for Huntington's Disease?
Max endurance, strength, balance, postural control, and functional mobility No way to stop or reverse sx
97
What is MS?
Produce patches of demyelination of myelin sheaths that surround nn within brain and SC Decrease nn conduction Sx based on location and extent of demyelination
98
What is relapsing-remitting MS?
Relapse with full recovery or some residual neurological sx
99
What is primary-progressive MS?
Disease progression from onset, without plateaus or remission Usually dx later in life
100
What is secondary-progressive MS?
Initial relapse-remitting course, followed by progression at variable rate that may also include occasional relapses and minor remissions
101
What is secondary-progressive MS?
Progressive disease from onset, but without clear acute relapses that may or may not have some recovery or remission
102
What is benign MS?
~20%, abrupt onset, one or a few exacerbations and complete or near complete remissions
103
What is Lhermitte sign?
Flex of neck may induce a tingling, electric shock like feeling down the shoulders and back
104
What is the cause of MS?
Unknown
105
What are the possible causes of MS?
Genetics, viral infections, and environment Slow-acting virus may initiate an autoimmune response
106
What population is most at risk for MS?
20-35 y/o, caucasian, F
107
What are the sx/sx of MS?
Visual problems (blurred or double) Paresthesias Clumsiness Weakness Ataxia Balance dysfunction Increased tone Fatigue
108
What is the tx for MS?
Lessen the length of exacerbation and minimize health Corticosteroids Nutritional and psych counseling PT education
109
What are added risks of MS?
Fatigue increased with heat and can be exhausting Suicide is 7x> than when compared to same age without MS
110
What are the common PT interventions for MS?
``` Avoid max exercise Exercise in AM is best Use RPE not HR Educate on skin care Biofeedback for stress management/relaxation Exercise guidelines ```
111
What is myasthenia gravis?
Autoimmune disease that affects neuromuscular signals
112
What is the cause of myasthenia gravis?
Associated with enlarged thymus, diabetes, RA, lupus, and other immune disorders
113
What are the sx/sx of myasthenia gravis?
Extreme fatigue and mm weakness Ocular mm Proximal weakness over distal Dysphagia, dysarthria, and cranial nn weakness
114
What are tx options for myasthenia gravis?
Medical emergencies = exacerbations can cause resp mm requiring ventilators ACh drug therapy, plasmapheresis, and immunosuppressive therapy PT interventions
115
What PT interventions are involved in myasthenia gravis?
Resp and pulm intervention Energy conservation Sub-max strengthening
116
What is post-polio syndrome?
LMN pathology affecting anterior horn cells in those previously affected by polio Autoimmune
117
What is polio?
Viral infection resulting in neuropathy that includes focal and asymmetrical motor impairments
118
What is the cause of post-polio syndrome?
Previous dx of polio Rarely life threatening
119
What population is most affected by post-polio syndrome?
F > M
120
What are the sx/sx of post-polio syndrome?
``` Asymmetrical weakness Slow and progressive weakness Fatigue Mm atrophy Pain Dysphagia ```
121
What is the tx of post-polio syndrome?
No meds to alter progression Lifestyle modification and symptom intervention PT education
122
What is involved in PT interventions of post-polio syndrome?
Supervised exercise to improve overall conditioning Functional independence Adaptive equipment
123
What is the Mini Mental State Examination?
Looks at different parts of the brain
124
What is muscle tone test?
Modified Ashworth Scale Go for a slower pace through PROM
125
What are the tests for spasticity?
Modified Ashworth Scale | Clonus
126
What is Bell's Palsy?
Temp unilateral facial paralysis secondary to trauma to facial nn Abnormal pressure from edema or inflammation
127
What is the function of the facial nerve?
Sensory - taste anterior tongue Motor - facial mm, lacrimal, submandibular, and sublingual glands
128
What is the test for Bell's Palsy?
Close eyes tight, smile and show teeth Whistle and puff cheeks and identify familiar taste
129
What are the sx/sx of Bell's Palsy?
Inability to furrow brow Drooping eyelid and cannot close eye No mm tone in cheek Drooping mouth and cannot smile or pucker lips
130
What is the cause of Bell's Palsy?
Unclear Could be viral infection or inflammation
131
What is the tx of Bell's Palsy?
The earlier the tx the better the outcome Mild involvement should resolve in 2 weeks More severe might require anti-viral meds and corticosteroids PT intervention
132
What PT intervention is included with Bell's Palsy?
Stimulate facial nn Facial massage Exercise
133
How can you stimulate the facial nn?
Mm tapping Manual therapy Visual feedback
134
What is CTS?
Compression of median nn Normal tissue pressure of the carpal tunnel
135
What makes up the carpal tunnel?
Floor - carpal bones Ceiling - transverse carpal ligament Nerves, vasculature, and tendons run through
136
What causes CTS?
``` Overuse Pressure Trauma RA Pregnancy Diabetes Tumor Hypothyroidism Wrist sprain or fracture ```
137
What are the sx/sx of CTS?
``` Night pain Decreased hand mobility Hand weakness Atrophy Clumsiness ```
138
What are the tests to dx CTS?
Tinels sign | Phalen's test
139
What is the Phalen's test?
Inverted prayer sign ~60 sec and see if sx reproduce
140
What is the reverse Phalen's test?
Prayer sign - wrist ext
141
What is polyneuropathy?
Damage or disease affecting multiple peripheral nn May involve damage to the axon, myelin sheath, or nerve's cell body
142
What is the cause of polyneuropathy?
``` DM Advanced age Drugs (chemo) Alcohol abuse AIDS Environmental toxins Inherited neurological conditions ```
143
What are the sx/sx of polyneuropathy?
Begins B distal LE Numbness, tingling, and pain in a stocking glove pattern Loss of position and vibration sense, ataxia, mm weakness, and possible atrophy Constipation, loss of b/b control, and orthostatic hypotension
144
What is the tx of polyneuropathy?
Wound management/education Vestibular/visual balance Gait training
145
What kind of gait training is involved with someone who has polyneuropathy?
``` Visual scan Create an obstacle course WB facilitation through WS Righting reaction Orthotic training AD training Home/community amb ```
146
How can you integrate sensation in someone with polyneuropathy?
Different textures - IE. wipe with cotton t-shirt, washcloth, hot water, cold water, etc Attempt to wake up/stim nn Fluidotherapy
147
What is sciatica?
Due to compression of sciatic nerve - herniated disc, tumor, infection, spondylolisthesis, stenosis, and blood clots
148
Where does sciatica take place?
L4-S3
149
What is the cause of sciatica/herniated disc?
Natural aging process | Instability of disc
150
What are the sx/sx of sciatica?
LBP/gluteal pain with radiculopathy Decreased ROM, TTP, and mm guarding SLR test Increased pain in sitting, lifting, forward bending/twisting, sneezing, and coughing
151
What is the tx of sciatica?
NSAIDs Cortisone epidural or local anesthetic injections Surgery - laminectomy, discectomy, laser discectomy PT education
152
What PT interventions are there with someone with sciatica?
``` Pain management Traction Heat Core stabilization McKenzie exercises Stretching Endurance activities - swimming, biking, and walking ```
153
What is thoracic outlet syndrome?
Neurovascular compression and damage of brachial plexus nn trunks, subclavian vascular supply and/or axillary artery
154
What is the cause of thoracic outlet syndrome?
Abnormal first rib, postural deviations, body composition, chronic overhead work, scalenes hypertrophy or spasm, degenerative disorders, and elongated cerv transverse process
155
What are the sx/sx of thoracic outlet syndrome?
Diffuse arm pain most common at night Paresthesias Mm weakness and atrophy Poor posture Edema Discoloration
156
What are the tests for thoracic outlet syndrome?
``` Adson's maneuver Wright's test Roo's test Costoclavicular test Hyperabduction test Allen test ```
157
What is the tx for thoracic outlet syndrome?
NSAIDs Surgery PT education
158
What PT interventions are involved in thoracic outlet syndrome?
``` Posture Breathing Ergonomics/body mechanics Stretching Pain management Joint mobs Physical agents PRN ```
159
What is the Allen's test?
See vascular response Palpate radial pulse and then ulnar artery Pt fist pumps and holds Release radial artery then ulnar to see if vascularity comes back Repeat to the ulnar side
160
What is trigeminal neuralgia?
Abnormal pressure on or irritation of trigeminal nerve
161
What sensory and motor impact does trigeminal neuralgia?
Sensory - touch and pain, mucus membranes of nose, sinuses, mouth, and anterior tongue Motor - mastication
162
What are the tests of trigeminal neuralgia?
Corneal reflex Face sensation Clench teeth Push down on chin to separate jaw
163
What is the cause of trigeminal neuralgia?
Tumor or swollen blood vessel
164
What population is trigeminal neuralgia most commonly at risk?
Females over 50 Common with MS Most common injury location in narrow space where nn exits brainstem
165
What are the sx/sx of trigeminal neuralgia?
Unilateral and episodic or constant
166
What is episodic trigeminal neuralgia?
Sudden sharp, jolting, stabbing, or stock-like pain Spasms/tics Triggered by touch or sound most common during shaving, chewing, or oral care
167
What is chronic trigeminal neuralgia?
Persistent aching or burning that can exacerbate
168
What are the tx of trigeminal neuralgia?
Pt education of resting jaw position Massage to masseter Diaphragmatic breathing Desensitizing

Neuro PTA (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions