Addiction Flashcards
(27 cards)
Brain neurochemistry explanation to nicotine addiction. (INTRO)
intro: internal expl to BP, suggesting its due to neurotransmitters regulate psychol functioning as DA
-BP is due to repeated activation of brain reward pathway
Outline the brain neourochemistry explanation to a nicotine addiction. (6 marks)
(
link to smoking again)
1.individual smokes a cig , nicotine is inhaled and reaches blood activating nach receptors in less than 10 secs
2.indirectly stimulates the VTA and released DA from the mesolimbic pathway
3. to the D2 receptors on the nucleus accumbens resps for pleasure and euphoria(increase DA activity)
4.when DA hits nac , more DA is released down the mesocortical pathway to pre frontal cortex
5. decision to smoke again
Evaluate the brain neurochemistry explanation.
Reduc
-reductionistic, simplifies BP to simple basic basic units of dopamine levels in brain and reward path
-neglects HA- person social background and culture may affect their NAddiction, as they may smoke due to peer pressure, rather than feeling of euphoria
Evaluate the brain neurochemistry explanation.
Prac apps
E-principle that NA is caused by high DA levels and activation of the reward path has led to NRT
EX-reducing an individual NA by providing NA in less dosage and in a patch to reduce the tolerance.
L- MP/BP applied psych, in real world
Evaluate the brain neurochemistry explanation.
RTS
-RTS the role of DA and MP/BP
-smoking behaviour in SZ people who were taking a typical antipsych drug, DA antagonist and blocks D2 receptors, reducing DA activity levels
-SZ people were more likely to smoke, to get the same feeling of euphoria.
2.Learning theory as an explanation to NA. Outline.(6)
Forming +maintaining
1.operant conditioning
2.+ve reinforcement, the indivdual smoke and receives the pleasurable feeling of euphoria
3.repeat the behaviour of smoking to receive same reward of euphoria
4.maintain: stop smoking> withdrawal symptoms> sleep, poor conc> continue to smoke again to avoid unpleasant consenq of WS
(MUST)
-2.Cue reactivity into a NA.
-what is a 1’ and 2’ reinforcers
-how do they trigger addiction
-LINK to addiction(smoking again)
- smoking NA is a primary reinforcer, not learnt and gives a direct effect on DA reward pathway,
- stimuli that are repeatedly present , 2’ reinforcers(lighter)
3.associated with pleasure and take properties of 1’ and become rewarding on their own
4.act as cues and produce craving reaction to NA (cue reac)
5.reactions>smoke again and relapse
EVALUATE LEARNING THEORY AND CUE REACTIVITY to explain nicotine addiction. 3 peels
DRA
- reductionistic- an individual will smoke again due to +ve/-ve reinforcement
-smoking due to peers influence rather than reward of euphoria - envir deterministic - controlled by +ve/-ve and associations
-neglects role of free will- make choice to stop smoking due to health reasons
3 .prac apps - pleasant associations led to behavioural interventions as covert sens and aversion therapy
-reassociate NA with nausea rather than pleasure
Outline the learning theory into explain the formation of a GAMBLING ADDICTION (GA) , include SLT and reinforcements.(6 marks)
-LINK with GA
- FORMS through SLT , observation of a role model and vicarious reinforcement of a role model being rewarded, enjoyment and money.
- not direct, through newspaper, and more likely to gamble for the same reward of money gains
- MAINTAINED through operant conditioning and +/ve > buzz > REPEAT GA
MUST- Outline partial reinforcement, include buzz and the fixed or variable. (4 marks)
- GB is rewarded only some time
2.limited reinforcement , not become bored
3.GB more exciting , as they will continue to gamble unsure when they win.
4.FIXED rate :behaviour is reinforced at predictable times > slot paying every 5 mins > no GA - variable > GB unpredictable reinforcement > buzz >more addictive , cant predict when you will
EVALUATE learning explanation to GA. 3 peels
DRA
-R
-D- Gambling behaviour controlled by +ve reinforcements and associations of GB with reward buzz excitement causing GA
-neglects free will and make choice to stop gambling due to financial losses, and stress
-A- GA is due to GB and associate with buzz excit , behavioural intervention of aversion therapy
-reassociate GB with negative stimulus of electric shocks rather than pleasure, less likely to gamble
Cognitive bias as an explanation to GA. intro.
- GA is due to faulty thought processing
- cognitive bias memory, att process , are faulty causing them to make poor decisions
- influence what gamblers think, pay attention , remember about thier GB
Outline 4 cognitive bias as an explanation to GA. (6 marks) NAME all and explain 2
name ,explain, example
- faulty beliefs of skill of judgement > G.Addicts have illusion of control, overestimate their influence on a random event >skilled at choosing lottery number > ⬆GA
- personal rituals > more likely to win if they engage in superstitiutos behaviour/luck > picking a specific card > ⬆ GA
- selective recall > remember certain mems > remember wins and not losses > ⬆ GA
- faulty perceptions: distor views about their operation of chance > they will win eventually > ⬆ GA
Outline 4 cognitive bias as an explanation to GA. (6 marks) NAME all and explain 2
name ,explain, example
- faulty beliefs of skill of judgement > G.Addicts have illusion of control, overestimate their influence on a random event >skilled at choosing lottery number > ⬆GA
- personal rituals > more likely to win if they engage in superstitiutos behaviour/luck > picking a specific card > ⬆ GA
- selective recall > remember certain mems > remember wins and not losses > ⬆ GA
- faulty perceptions about their operation of chance > they will win eventually > ⬆ GA
Evaluate cognitive bias as an explanation to gambling addiction. 3 peels
-deterministic
-alternative /learning- associate GB with buzz > ⬆ GA
-prac apps > principle that GA is due to congnitive biases and faulty though process , making irrational decisions to gamble has led to CBT
-identify, challenge irrational
Aim of token economy and AO1 in clinics/hospitals.
-MANAGE sz
AO1: change a patient maladaptive behaviour, easier to manage, better quality life, so they can live outside hospital
-works using operant conditioning , do a desirable , 2’ reinforcers as tokens , can be exchanged for priveleges/goods
-associate with rewards , paired with 1’ reinforcers as sweets
Evaluate token economy. 2 peels
Meta.
-RTS the use of MP to manage SZ was cond
-meta analysis finding \MP was useful ⬆ adaptive behaviour of patients as self-hygiene
-studies showed that a combo of drug therapy with CBT alongside was quite effective in reducing mala. behaviours
-effective managment techn of SZ
BUT
-meta analysis is subject to publication bias
-researches himself report the study and they can choose to publish significant results with SZ
patients
-ignore studies that are NOT signif
-IV of the RTS as MP of SZ
Outline drug therapy as a treatment of NA.(6 marks).
REPLACING A Nico addiction , link to Nicotine
Aim-to provide nicotine from a less harmful/dosage source as patch
-nicotine stimulates the NAchR and activate DA release , brain reward pathway system, to experience the same feeling of euphoria
-reduce craving and withdrawal symptomps as NRT avoids the consenq of quit smoking
-desensitises NAchr by releasing small amoutn of nico, so fills only some receptors
-⬇ NA receptors, ⬇ reward to smoke,
gradual ⬇ dosage of NA, ⬇tolerance to NA
EVALUATE 3 peels for NRT therapy. compare with CBT
TREATMENTS > > M/C > plaecebo
- side effects as sleep distruption, nausea and head
-stop taking the patch , ⬆ attrition reduced effectiveness,
-unless CBT which has no side effects as involves identify irrational beliefs causing BP and changing them eg, what’s the evidence BP makes you happier
-⬇ relapse
BUT
-requires little motivation/commitment
-only need to remember to take patch to experience euphoria and ⬇ withdrawal
-UNLIKE CBT attend long sessions , drop out and relapse
-increasing effectiveness
AND
-RTS reviewed studies comparing NRT and placebo
-more effective into reducing NA and avoiding relapse rather than placebo
Outline aversion therapy to reduce addiction.
-aim
-link to reducing addiction
(16 marker include UCN, NS, CS)
AIM; use CC to unlearn a pleasant association eg and replace with an unpleasant assoc eg one in vivo
1. Nicotine > rapid smoking
-take a puff every 6 secs -feel nausea and sick and ASSOCIATE smoking with nausea
-repeat this until they develop an aversion to smoking and reduce BP
- Gambling
-think of phrases related to GA as lottery, win alongside normal phrases ‘going home’
-every time a GA phrase comes = electric shock
Link : associate gambling with pain rather than pleasure using CC , aversion to GA
reducing their BP
MUST : Outline covert sensitisation to reduce addiction. (6)
associating with an unpleasant scenario
-aim
-link
aim; pleasant associaton replaced with an unpleasant association (disgust) in vitro
1. client is encouraged to relax
2.therapist reads from scrip, aversive scenario
3.imagine they smoking a cig full of feaces (unpleas association)
4.imagine ⬆ vivid imagery
5. therapist goes graphic detail about elements as smell and sound in that scenario
6.associate the NA to unpleasant scenario instead of pleasure
Evaluate behavioural interventions . 3 peels
-BOTH motivation and commitment
-attend sessions /imagine a scenario to unlearn an addictive behaviour using CC
-covert avoids chemical dependence as it is non invasive
-good for pregnant women, no phy/emotional effects on baby
-UNLIKE aversion which causes pain vomiting
-more effective
-RTS effectiveness comparing both for GA
-after an year 90% with covert sens had reduced GA compared to only 30% of aversion
-covert is more effective imagining an unpleasant scenario associate with addiction is ⬆ likely to reduce ADDICTION
MUST : Outline Prochaska six stage model of change INTRO
1.cyclical and positive approach to changing an addiction compared to all or nothing response
2.individuals readyness to give up an addiction differs and a treatment depends on the stage of an addiction
Outline the first three stages of changing an addiction.(3)
avoid 1st stage
-outline stage
-intervention
-quote
-pre contemplation : dont consider their addiction a problem - not thinking about changing -denial
> help them consider changing their ADD
> ‘I am okay rn’
-contemplation : thinking about changing , aware of costs/benefits
> drug therapy , identifying pros (save money)
> ‘I will change tomorrow’
-preparation : benefits of changing AD behaviour outweigh costs, know when but now what to do
> construct a plan with GP
> ‘I am ready for this’
