Addiction

Question 1

Views of Addiction

Answer 1

1)Disease model(vulnerability in one’s physiology)

2)Moral model(substance related disorder due to personal choices or personal failing)

3)Coping response model(initially an attempt to reduce an aversive state)

Question 2

Substance use disorders: problem indicators

Answer 2

Impairment of control,Social impairment,Risky use,Pharmacological dependence

Question 3

Impairment of control

Answer 3

~taking substance more than they want or longer period of time

~Multiple efforts that are unsuccessful to cut down of substance

~Strong craving of substance

~Spending lot of time in pursuit of substance

Or recovering effects of the substance

Question 4

Social impairment

Answer 4

~Fail at major role obligation(school,work,home)

~Difficulty in social relationship(social conflict), but continues to use it

~Stops spending time on activities they used to enjoy, instead spends more time using the substance

Question 5

Risky use

Answer 5

Using substance in places where its hazardous(drinking driving, using machinery)

Substance causes physical problems(stomach issues) or psychological problems(low mood)

Question 6

Pharmacological dependence

Answer 6

Tolerance(needing a lot more of the substance to have same effects)

Withdrawal(negative physical or psychological effects when person cuts down or stops after prolonged heavy use)

Question 7

Hallucinogens and dissociative drugs

Answer 7

(LSD,mescaline,psilocybin,pcp,shrooms, MDMA)

Visual,auditory hallucinations

Causes distortion of time

Flashbacks,psychotic reactions

Panicking

Rare case:persistent psychosis

Low dose: Can make person feel confused

High does:dangerous change to heart rate,breathing, body temp, blood pressure

Question 8

Cannabis(marijuana,THC)

Answer 8

~Low dose: Physical experiences

Can aid in lost of appetite, or to prevent nausea

~Memory impairment, thoughts can get fragmented

~Large dose:

Emotional lability(rapid shifting in mood)

Hallucination or extreme panic

Long term:

Lung function issues

amotivational(lack of motivation)

Question 9

Nicotine(cigs,e-cig,chewing tobacco, pipes)(stimulant)

Answer 9

Effects reward centers in brain

Harmful for lungs and stomach, reproductive problems, stroke, kidneys

Small doses

Alertness,boost mood

Large dose

Toxic

Dependency develops quickly, difficult drug to quit

As difficult as heroin to quit

Question 10

Stimulants(speed,crystal meth, cocaine,diet pills,ritalin,mdma)

Answer 10

Small dose:

Induce physical vigor.energy

Reduce fatigue

Lead to weight loss

Help person to focus attention

High dose:

Panic,hallucinations, delusions

Amphetamine/toxic induced psychosis

Paranoia

Extreme fatigue(crash)

Effects of cocaine wear off rapidly

Increased blood pressure

Euphoric

Not interested in eating
Large dose: insomnia, paranoia

Rapid development of tolerance and dependency

Question 11

Sedatives(Barbiturates, benzodiazepines,sleeping pills, tranquilizers)

Answer 11

Used for anxiety

Can be addictive if misused

Low dose

Relaxing, help with anxiety

High dose

Same effects of alcohol

Impaired judgment,concentration, slurred speech

Neurotransmitter involved: GABA

Question 12

Opioids(Heroin,morphine,opium, methadone,codeine,fentanyl)

Answer 12

Low dose:

~Effective pain killer

~induce drowsiness, Dreaminess

~Physically uncoordinated

~Right after, warm rush of ecstasy

Downside: extremely severe withdrawal effects

Worst ~flu:diarrhea,sweating,fever,chills, muscle pain, muscle twitching that lasts for days

~Homicide and suicide accidents,overdose

Drug toxicity is the leading cause of death for people 19-39

More overdose that cause death than covid 19 deaths

Most overdoses happen in private homes

Question 13

Opioid Dependence

Answer 13

Challenges

~Viewed as a legal problem rather than a medical problem

~Limits healthcare providers to treat it medically

~Detox is just the first step

~The person still wants the drugs

~Persons life is in shambles

Motivation:

~Usually dont start motivated

~Hard to maintain

~Usually start become something bad happens

Question 14

Harm reduction

Answer 14

Purpose is to decrease the adverse health, social,and economic consequences of substance use without requiring abstinence

Question 15

Insite supervised consumption site

Answer 15

Medically supervised safe injection facility

Service users receive

Clean equipment for drug use (needles,water,cookers) to reduce spread of infectious diseases and bacteria

Drug checking services

Fentanyl testing

Timely overdose response from trained providers

Clinical care (wound management,vaccines)

Connections to addiction services, healthcare, and community supports

Question 16

Insite outcomes

Answer 16

Reduction in public injecting (open air drug use)

Lower levels of HIV risk behaviors

Increased uptake in addiction treatment among insite clients

No evidence of:

Negative impacts on the surrounding community

Increase in injection drug use(relapse among former users)

Question 17

Opioid agonists alleviate withdrawal symptoms

Answer 17

Methadone,buprenorphine(common agonist)

~Heroine is an opioid agonist

Question 18

Opioid antagonists(help with the appeal of opioids)

Answer 18

block the effects of opioids

Naltrexone,naloxone

Suboxone(buprenorphine and naloxone)

Question 19

Social variables

Answer 19

Cultural attitudes/use patterns

Availability of substance

Family variables

peer/social

Question 20

Psychological variablesof drinking behavior

Answer 20

Perceived benefits outweigh costs

Sensation or novelty seeking

Question 21

Biological variables of alcoholism

Answer 21

Genetic diathesis

Problem drinking in families

Stronger in males than females

What is inherited?

~Ability to tolerate/metabolize alcohol

~Motivation for substance use

~Stronger evidence genetic transmission

~Insensitivity to intoxication

~People who swayed less were not as affected by intoxication

Reinforcing effects of the substance

Alcohol dependence leads to neural adaptations for a emotional negative state, that alcohol might relieve

Question 22

Short-term effects of alcohol

Answer 22

~Stimulating then depressant action

~Interference with complex thought and motor coordination

~Interacts with several neural systems
* Stimulates gaba receptors
* Increases serotonin and dopamine
* Inhibits glutamate receptors
* May be responsible for cognitive deficits, slurred speech and memory loss
* Effects strongly tied to expectations

Question 23

what affects Blood alcohol levels

Answer 23

Amount ingested in a particular period of time
Food in stomach
Body size and composition
The more water the more efficient its able to pass through the body(unrelated to metabolism)
Efficiency of metabolism
Sex
Females weigh less
Females have less water in body and more fat
Better at passing through alcohol
Age
Goes down with age
Older people have less water in body
Alcohol passes through less efficiently

Question 24

Long terms effects of heavy alcohol use

Answer 24

• Malnutrition
  1. B vitamin deficiency=memory loss
  Cognitive impairment
  Cirrhosis of liver(Damage to liver)
• Cardiovascular problems: heart failure, hypertension, stroke, capillary hemorrhages
• Reduced immune functioning
• Fetal alcohol syndrome
  1. Intellectual disability and slowed growth of fetus, behavioral problems later in life