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Psychology > Addiction > Flashcards

Addiction Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the genetic explanation for maintenance of smoking

A

SLC6A3-9
Maintaining dopamine levels
Nicotine regulation model - changes in the brain functions avoid withdrawal symptoms

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2
Q

Describe the genetic explanation for smoking in relapse

A

Genetics
Tolerance - greater withdrawal
Physical dependency

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3
Q

Describe the learning explanation for smoking in relation to initiation

A

CC- association with social environments
OC- peer pressure (neg reinforcement)
SLT

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4
Q

Describe learning theory - smoking - maintenance

A

OC- rewarded stress relief approval from friends
Neg reinforced
SLT around smokers
CC - pos feeling and stress relief

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5
Q

Smoking relapse learning theory

A

Neg reinforcement -withdrawal symptoms
SLT- pressure to return
Cue reactivity paradigm - triggers

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6
Q

Cognitive smoking initiation

A

Expectations -stress reduction , attractive,weight loss
Coping attention focus
Concentration
Self efficacy

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7
Q

Relapse cognitive smoking

A

Expectancies
Coping
self efficacy

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8
Q

Evaluation initiation smoking biological

A

SR-Pergardia et al (heritability factor in the exp on nicotine withdrawal symptoms
Calvert smoker shown strong activation of brain known as ventral striatum and nucleus accoumbus

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9
Q

Maintenance smoking biological - eval

A

TS- Alt exp

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10
Q

Relapse bio smoking eval

A

PA - therapies

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11
Q

Describe the genetic explanation for initiation of smoking.

A

Genetics less likely SLC63-9
Dopamine
Smoking stimulates the D system in the Mesolimbic brain area. Feeling of pleasure
Inherit more sensitive Mesolimbic pathway

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12
Q

Learning - initiation smoking eval

A

Too simplistic- alt exp

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13
Q

learning smoking eval maintenance

A

practical app - treatment

contingency management

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14
Q

relapse learning smoking

eval

A

SR- goldberg et al
monkeys pressed lever to receive nicotine at similar rate to cocaine
NIDA 90% of US smokers started in adolescence

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15
Q

cognitive - initiation eval

A

ST - alt exp

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16
Q

cognitive - maintenance - eval

A

PA- CBT

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17
Q

cog relapse eval

A

heishman - concentration

brandon and baker - bordem

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18
Q

gambling - bio - initiation

A

genetic DA21 - increase sensitivity to dopamine - more likely to gamble
positive reward theory - anticipation- adrenaline
dopamine - increase psych levels create pleasure

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19
Q

maintenance and relapse - gambling - bio

A

biological withdrawal genetics and dopamine

areas of the brain associated with control of behaviour may be dysfunctional

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20
Q

learning - initiation gambling -

A

CC- conditioned response
OC
SLT- role models

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21
Q

learning maintenance gambling

A

CC Association
partial reinforcement
OC

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22
Q

learning relapse - gambling

A

neg reinforcements - OC

cue reactivity paradigm

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23
Q

gambling - cognitve

A 
coping - stress 
expectancies - 
self efficacy 
distorted thoughts and beliefs 
withdrawal
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24
Q

Bio - eval gambling

A 
TS- ALT exp
prac apps 
SR- bennet and wris 
genes 
DA21 
 clark et al - brain activity - associated with dopamine
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25
learning - eval gambling
ethicsl issues - paul - 20% teenage gamblers contemplate suicide - consent issues too simplistic - ignores alt SR
26
cognitive - eval gambiling
ethical issues - SR - Griffiths TS - ignores alt exp
27
risk factors
personality age stress peers
28
risk factors addiction personality
extroversion psychotic ism neurotic ism
29
vulnerability- personality | researchers
chien et al - ghetto adolescents addicts low self esteem pessamistic outlook gossop and eysenck- personality quiz 221 addicts 310 non addicts difference in neurotic-ism relating to depression and anxiety
30
personality - vulnerability eval
SR TS other factors environment cause and effect
31
stress risk factors exp
coping mechanism | brain activity - same area of brain during stress activated during drug craving
32
research stress vulnerability
kosten - | cleck and blendy
33
describe the research of cleck and blendy
stress related disorders eg depression and anxiety exp chronic stressfull life events like sexual abuse increased use of cocaine activity
34
describe the research of kosten et al
neonate rats - isolation 2-9th | greater tendency to to cocaine than rats who didn't suffer from isolation
35
age - exp vulnerability
correlation between early addictive behaviour and reduced probability of abstaining more likely to relapse peers and role models
36
vunerability age researchers
shram | fidler
37
describe the research of fidler
5863 adolescents 11-16 yrs saliva samples nicotine levels x2 more likely to be regular at 14 than those who smoked at 11yrs
38
describe the research of shram
adults greater neg effects | adolescents- greater positive
39
eval addiction age
SR PRAC APPS - PUBLIC HEALTH INITIATIONS TARGETING SPECIFIC GROUPS METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES
40
Peers vunerability exp
thrill seeking increasing vulnerability peer pressure OC association
41
researchers peers vulnerability
Thombs | sussman and ames
42
describe the research of Thombs
questionnaire 2213 high school and college alcohol linked to social context demonstrating strength of peer group influence
43
Describe the research of sussman and ames
friend and peer use of drugs as a strong predictor of drug use among teens
44
peers vulnerability eval
cause and effect TS - alt exp SR
45
media influences - positive
``` signoielli - tv - neg smoking stance x9 1964 than 1982 # friend and levy - media well funded mass campaign reduced smoking rates online gambling ```
46
media influences - negative
``` young quick to pick up messages perceived leniency tobacco ads banned in 1971 but show till 1990 product placement tv ads national lottery ```
47
eval media influence
SR | Research is corralitional
48
biological intervention addiction
agonist substituation - nicotine replacement therapies- gum etc desensitise Nicotine receptors for withdrawal symptoms antagonist - block - burproprion - anti depressant increases d levels and noradrenaline blocking nicotine receptors
49
researchers for bio intervention for addiction
warren et al davison et al watts et al
50
describe the bio research for intervention - warren
methadone - heroin 9000 prisoners take vs not how many days a year 15.24 days vs 99.96
51
bio research intervention Davison
12 months absence rates from smoking 28% patches 18% placebo patches
52
bio research intervention - watts
burproprion - successfull treatment
53
bio intervention eval
difficulty assessing effectiveness? replace not cure side effects- impotence confusion
54
name the 2 psychological interventions for addiction
CBT | AVERSION THERAPY
55
describe CBT
relapse prevention - self control pos vs negs of relapse spot craving and situation risk
56
describe aversion therapy
CC emetic drug meyers and chesser - 50% of alcoholics abstain for a least 1 year following therapy motivated individuals
57
research into psychological intervention - addiction
feeney project match carroll et al
58
describe the research of feeney
absentance rates alcoholics 14% CBT 38% CBT and meds
59
describe the research of project match
alcoholics 3 types psychogrid therapy no diff in effectivness patient had diff needs/therapies
60
describe the research of carroll
``` 12 weeks study 1 CBT 2- non specific form of psychotherapy both reduced depression CBT more effective ```
61
eval psychological intervention addiction
SR Effectiveness depends on severity of symptoms most effective when combined with meds
62
describe public health interventions for addiction
``` smoking ban 2007 tax - ban on display semple et al - 39 non smokers before and after scottish ban found 75% fall in cotinine by product of nicotine # irish office of tobacco control - 2004 26% to 23% in 6yrs ```
63
eval for public health intervention
too complex | difficult to assess effectiveness
64
describe the theory of planned behaviour
attitude - personal beliefs ( hammond - graphic canadian cig warning labels 616 smoker 1/3 smoked less ) self efficacy ( goodie - chronic gamblers were over confident in their card compared to non) subjective norm - social pressure ( fitchenberg and glantz - work place reduction of smoking 3.8 less cigs a day)
65
eval points of addiction theory of planned behaviour
assumes rational thinking supporting research practical apps - campaign ideas

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