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Addiction Flashcards

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1
Q

What sort of reasons do people take drugs for?

A

positive effects induced
negative effects alleviated
drinking to enhance vs. drinking to cope

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2
Q

What is the disease model of addiction?

A

addicts are victims of a chronic brain disease that leads to difficulty stopping

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3
Q

What is the failure of choice/morals model of addiction?

A

addicts are people who choose drugs over other experiences because they are weak/selfish

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4
Q

How do set and setting relate to addiction?

A

set; personal characteristics of the addict

setting; environment of drug use

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5
Q

How is addiction define?

A

chronic relapsing disorder

compulsive drug-using behaviour

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6
Q

What assumptions underlie the neuroplasticity theory?

A

the habit-forming or rewarding effects of drugs are due to their effects on endogenous transmitter systems that normally play a role in the behaviour by natural rewards

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7
Q

What is a positive reinforcer?

A

behaviour is increased so as to increase the presence of a desirable stimulus

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8
Q

What is a negative reinforcer?

A

behaviour is increased so as to remove the presence of an aversive stimulus

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9
Q

How can drugs act as negative reinforcers?

A

drugs serve to increase the probability of further drug seeking and drug-seeking because of their ability to alleviate aversive internal states

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10
Q

What is a natural negative reinforcer?

A

food; food promotes food seeking and eating because it alleviates hunger

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11
Q

What is drive theory?

A

likelihood of response = habit strength (conditioning) x drive strength (deprivation)

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12
Q

How developed drive theory?

A

clark hull

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13
Q

What is the formula for drive theory?

A

sEr = sHr x D

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14
Q

What is the self-medication hypothesis of addiction?

A

drugs are used to self-medicate pre-existing conditions of pain or anxiety (comorbidity)

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15
Q

What is the physical dependence hypothesis?

A

development of tolerance and physical dependence mean drug use is maintained in order to avoid the unpleasant consequences associated with withdrawal

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16
Q

What is the stress syndrome reduction theory?

A

chronic drug use leads to compensatory homeostatic changes resulting in tolerance, these changes mean withdrawal so drug use is maintained to prevents aversive symptoms

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17
Q

What is not explained by negative reinforcement theories?

A

relapse after transient withdrawal ends as drugs are no longer required to prevent aversive symptoms

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18
Q

What is the conditioned withdrawal model of addiction?

A

withdrawal produces aversive state
drug use rapidly reduces withdrawal
withdrawal is conditional through Pav conditioning to internal and external cues
conditioned and unconditioned withdrawal act to stimulate drug seeking

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19
Q

What behaviours does the conditioned withdrawal model of addiction explain?

A

long term relapse; mini conditioned withdrawal in the presence of drug associated cues
can apply to any drug of abuse

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20
Q

What behaviours does the conditioned withdrawal model of addiction not explain?

A

not the maintenance of drug use before dependence
not all drug cues elicit withdrawal; not cocaine
no good explanation of conditioned withdrawal effects

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21
Q

What evidence is there for the protective role of environment in addiction?

A

heroin overdose is achieved at a lower dose in a novel environment than the home environment

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22
Q

What evidence is there for conditioned withdrawal?

A

monkeys who SA morphine increase their consumption significantly following a conditioned withdrawal stimulus (presentation of opioid antagonist)

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23
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

a process where the effect of an action serves to diminish or terminate that action

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24
Q

What is the conditioned opponent process model of addiction?

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A

drug triggers positive state
state triggers a secondary process via negative feedback to establish homeostasis
repeated use increases secondary process
secondary process results in anhedonia and unpleasant feeling
drug associated cues trigger small positive state but large secondary negative state

25
Who developed the conditioned opponent process model?
Koob and LeMoal
26
What is the allostasis model of addiction?
the homeostatic system undergoes counteradaptation when exposed to drugs this counteradaptation lowers the allostatic set point creating a chronic state of dysphoria
27
What do negative models of reinforcement not explain?
drugs vary in the amount of withdrawal they produce cues associated with opiates produce drug-opposite effects, but not other drugs opiate addicts deny feeling conditioned withdrawal poor correlation between craving and conditioned withdrawal experiencing the drug makes you crave more withdrawal symptoms are transient - long term relapse?
28
What induces craving?
the drug itself not the absence of drug morphine administration prompts renewed responding naltrexone discourages responding
29
What symptoms do drug associated cues induce?
conditioned withdrawal - opiates | drug-like experiences - cocaine
30
Are physical dependence and tolerance sufficient/necessary for addiction?
they do not explain long-term relapse after a long period of abstinence once withdrawal has ended
31
What is the anhedonia model?
drugs are a positive reinforcer as they produce a state of pleasure - drug seeking drive comes from motivation to achieve pleasure
32
What does the anhedonia model not explain?
why drugs are taken in the absence of pleasure
33
What is the proposed mechanism of the anhedonia model?
hedonic effects of drugs are mediated by dopamine
34
What is the major pathway in drug pleasure?
VTA-accumbens dopamine system
35
What evidence is there for the anhedonia model?
most potentially addictive drugs increase dopamine transmission the extent of high correlates with dopamine release in the striatum
36
What is the problem with the anhedonia model?
there is essentially no evidence that the addiction potential of the drug is linked to the euphorogenic power of that drug mediated by dopamine DA antagonists do not inhibit amphetamine-induced euphoria DA is released during aversive events DA activity is dissociable from pleasurable effects
37
Does dopamine mediate pleasure?
DA is not necessary for rats to make hedonic judgments DA stimulation does not increase pleasurable effects but increases feeding DA neurons discharge at the earliest anticipation of reward not during consumption
38
What is the incentive sensitisation theory?
sensitisation of the brain rewards systems renders addicts increasingly susceptible to the ability of drugs and cues to promote drug seeking and trigger relapse
39
What is neural sensitisation?
brain regions are hypersensitive to the rewarding effects of drugs
40
What is behavioural sensitisation?
sensitisation of the brain systems produces progressively greater behavioural responses to drugs and drug-associated cues
41
How long can psychomotor sensitisation last?
can persist for up to one year after last exposure; amphetamine experienced animals show a much greater behavioural response to amphetamine than naive animals
42
Is sensitisation observed in humans?
yes; using small doses
43
Provide an example of the physiological changes leading to sensitisation?
chronic exposure to alcohol leads to cirrhosis of the liver, reducing the livers ability to metabolise alcohol so more reaches the brain
44
What factors can affect psychomotor sensitisation?
intermitted injections, continuous administration leads to tolerance individual and gender variations environmental conditions
45
How can gender influence sensitisation?
females rats show greater sensitisation with and without oestrogen than males with and without testosterone
46
How can cues conditioned to reward influence behaviour?
informing about reward availability eliciting approach to cue and reward conditioned reinforcement inducing relapse
47
What is sensitisation of conditioned reinforcement?
reward cues can induce sensitised behavioural response
48
What are the effects of the sensitisation of drug reward?
facilitate acquisition of drug self-administration facilitate acquisition of CPP increase the breakpoint in a progressive ratio
49
How does impulsivity relate to addiction?
alcoholics and methamphetamine users are far more likely to consistently choose earlier rewards even though they earn less in total
50
What is the iowa gambling task?
decision-making regarding short-term small rewards or long-term large rewards
51
How does frontal activity influence the iowa gambling task?
frontal lesions and drug addiction impair decision making; persistence of short-term small reward selection in spite of obvious failure and irrespective of reward amount or length of delay
52
How does alcohol affect the structure of the brain?
reduced cortical grey matter volume in alcoholics
53
What affect does polysubstance use have on the brain?
smaller prefrontal volume
54
How does drug use affect frontal function?
reduced OFC function in abusers compared to those in protracted withdrawal cue-induced cocaine craving activates the ACC and OFC
55
How is impulsivity related to addiction?
stimulant dependent individuals and their healthy siblings show a lower level of response inhibition - pre-existing trait
56
What is the 5-CSRTT?
5 choice serial reaction time task
57
What does the 5-CSRTT measure?
correct, incorrect or premature behaviours
58
How does the 5-CRSTT relate to frontal function?
OFC lesions result in increased compulsive behaviours and increased drug consumption
59
What is the prefrontal model of addiction?
decreased impulse control > increased likelihood of drug intake > increased drug intake > drug-induced structural and functional changes in PFC > decreased impulse control

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