Addiction and Crime Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
ABC
A
Affect, Behaviour, Cognitions
2
Q
Affect
A
emotion
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Behaviour
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Actions
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Cognitions
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thinking
5
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Definition of addiction, national institute on Drug Abuse
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chronic, relapsing brain disease
6
Q
National institute on drug abuse characeterizes:
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1) complusive drug seeking and use
2) despite harmful consequences
-> dependence and withdrawal are not there
7
Q
Definitions of Substance Abuse, World Health Organization
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harmful or hazordous use of psychoactive substances
8
Q
world health organization, dependance sydrome
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1) strong desire to take the drug
2) difficulties in controlling its use, bender
3) persisting in use despite harmful consequences
4) higher priority to drug use than other activities, obligations
5) increased tolerance
6) withdrawal syndrome
9
Q
World Health organization, america psychiatric association
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10 serparate substance use disorder categories -> disorder related to alcohol, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedatives, stimulants, tobacco and other (unknown)
- severity (mild, moderate, severe)
10
Q
American Psychriatric Association, clusters
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of cognitive, behavioural and physiological
11
Q
American Psychriatric Association, clusters of cognitive, behavioural and physiological
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- impaired control -> taking more, greater time doing the drug
- social impairment
- risky use -> taking it in a bad places
- pharmacological criteria -> tolerance and withdrawal
12
Q
Substance abuse is a …. risk factor for offending
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moderate, if get treated then less likely to reoffend
13
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substance abuse and offending, additional considerations
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1) nature of the drug
2) type of crime
3) presence and absence of additional criminal risk factors
14
Q
crime is socially constructed
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- social mechanism, phenomenon, category created by society
- perception of individual, group, idea created through social practice
- subject to change -> depends what people are in power, revolving door
- basely an agreement in sociality for what is legal
- created through conflict or consensus
15
Q
criminal behaviour involves:
A
- variety of definitions and explainations that are socially agreed upon
- eg: motivation, opportunity, politics, convention, context (situation)
- have to have some sort of intent, what is the primary cause (are they at fault)
16
Q
definitions of crime, legal
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acts prohitibed by the state and punishable under the law
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definition of crime, moral
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violations of norms of religion and morality
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definitions of crime, social
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violation of certain norms and customs that are punishable by the community
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definitions of crime, psychological
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acts that are rewarding to the perpetrator but harmful to others
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critical role of definitions
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- cultural factors
- changing norms of a society
- determination of prevalence rates
- proper responses
21
Q
According to Bartol&Bartol, criminal behaviour
A
- refers to intentional behaviour tht violates a criminal code
-intentional in that it did not occur accidentally or without justification - reference to the legal definitions
- addresses the criminal responsibility of the offender
22
Q
Why do we care?
A
1) prevalence of crime
2) victimization
3) cost of crime
23
Q
Prevalence of crime
A
- proporation of a population found to be involved in crime
- historically (ever in their lifetime)
- currently (in past year)
- individual -> repeat offenders
24
Q
Victiminzation
A
refers to those affected by crime, can affect public concern
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cost of crime
- can be difficult to calculate
- direct costs or indirect costs
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Direct costs
police, courts, corrections
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Indirect costs
secondary effects, long term effects, public policy concern
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Goldstein's tripartite model
1) systemic crime
2) economic compulsive crime
3) psychopharmacological crime
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Systemic crime
- a form of drug-related that occurs because the drug trade is illegal and its participants cannot turn to authorities for assistance
- to enforce -> murder, hurt
- third party crime -> cartels may do weapon laundering, prostitutions
- tend to engage in multiple crimes
- narco-terrorism -> terrorize a company to get what they want
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Economic compulsive crime
- a form of drug-related crime that occurs as a results of drug users engaging in illegal behaviour as a means to support their drug habit
- if they did not have to support drug use then would not do crimes
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Psychopharmacological crime
- a form of drug crime that occurs as a result of the acute and chronic effects
- stimulants -> lead to impulsivity -> leads to commit crimes
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What are the different sides in the "drug war"
decriminalization, legalization (let people do what they want), users, community members, police, medical professionals
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what are come common goals on both sides of the drug wars
still want to prevent death from overdose, want to reduce underworld drug dealers, death, disease
- want to mimize harmful effects
- want to reduce tax payer money
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what does Boyce have to say about labels?
carry stigma -> lessen
create a hierarchy
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Priming and Moral judgement conclusions
- literature on priming is mixed
- demonstrates the brief presentations on change attitudes
- provides support for link between health-conscious messages and moral judgements (eg bias against unhealthy judgements)
- research has implication on benefits of HRS
- educational presentations significantly shifted attitudes as they were more negative after the healthy living presentation educational condition
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what are drugs of abuse
- harmful use and will use it despite consequences
- interact with the mesolimbicdopamergic system (MDS) -> through it off balance
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instrumental
obtain some sort of goal
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reactive
to inflict intentional pain and harm
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before 20th legal issues
few legal restrictions, often in commercial products
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early 1990s, 1908 and 1920-30 legal issues
1908 -> opium act
1920-1930 -> prohibition on alcohol
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mid 1990s legal issues
narcotic control act
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late 1990 legal issues
controlled drugs and substance act
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early 2000 legal issues
cannabis act 2018 to amend CDSA
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Canadian Tobacco, Alcohol, and Drug Survey (CTADS)
- an ongoing general survey, sponsored by Health Canada
- the survey used a random telephone survey format
- provides an understanding of drug use pattern and related problems that exist
- examples -> most used -> alcohol
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what "problems" are associated with psychoactive drugs
- homelessness -> may lead to doing other crimes in order to get money (economic compulsive crime)
- have a lot of health problems (STD) -> drugs mask pain from cancer
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Historical Overview
- drug use dates back thousands of years
- relatively few restrictions on drug availability or drugs use prior to 20th century, until evidence of addictive properties emerged
- by 1890d, medical practitioners began calling attention to social problems resulting from uncontrolled access to psychoactive drugs
- this marked the era of patent medicines (eg: opium, morphine and cocaine)
- widespread use of opiods
- late 1880s -> calling more attention to social problems because how easy they were to get
- medical and recreational use will be closely connected
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legislation -> development of drug laws
- how society establishes formal guidelines for drug use
- both federal and provincial regulations established in 1908 -> opioid was targets (part due to the amount of Chinese immigrants
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opium act of 1908
first prohibitionist drug policy in Canada
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1911 drug legislation
the opium and other drugs act was enacted to permit harsher penalties
- this act remained the primary legislation, with few changes taking place prior to the late 1950
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1920 drug legislation
drug and food act -> establishes requirements for labelling drugs
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1923 drug legislation
regulation of marjunia was added
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1929 drug legislation
opuimon narcotic drug act
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1955 drug legislation
senate social committee addressing drug use -> recommended the elimination of addict, on the traffic of narcotic drugs in Canada
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Narcotic Control Act of 1961
- based on senate special committee (1955) addressing drug use and recommended:
- elimination of addicts
- the suppression of narcotic traffic
- the prevention of an increase in the addict population
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The Le Dain Commission
- formed to address criminal penalties
- concern grew after world war 2 with introduction of international human rights
- pressure groups disputed use of criminal law as solution to responding to drug problems
- needed to have more a ecumenic and medical solution than criminal solution
- despite these recommendations, Canada;s drug policy remained unchanged
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controlled drugs and substances act (CDSA) of 1997
- replaced the Narcotic Control Act of 1961
- CDSA prohibits -> importation, exportation, production, sale, provision, and possession of various controlled drugs and substances
- medical treatment may be legally contained with a medial profession prescription
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the CDSA consists of:
- drug schedules that detail the types of controlled drugs and substance
- in each schedule, the offence and punishment
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offences/ punishments governed under law according to .... of the crime committed
seriousness
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Summary conviction
a minor offence punishable under the CDSA, which does not result in a criminal record
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indictable offence
a more serious offence, punishable under the CDSA, which will result in a criminal record
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Canada's Drug and Substances Strategy
1) prevention
2) treatment
3) harm reduction
4) enforcement
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prevention
preventing problematic drug and substance use
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treatment
supporting innovative approaches to treatment and rehabilitation
- eg: take a drug that makes them throw up of they have the drug
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harm reduction
supporting measures that reduce that negative consequences of drug and substance use
- eg: clean needles, wrap around services
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enforcement
addressing illicit drug production, supply and distrubution
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Psychopharmacology
study of neurobiological mechanisms underlying effects of drugs on thinking, mood and behaviour
- pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and psychotherapeutics
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Pharmacokinetics
- pharma (drug), kinetics (what the body does to the drug)
- Eg: how the drug getting into the body
- Eg: how is it elimated from the body
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Pharmacodynamics
- what the drug does to the body
- eg: how does the drug affect the receptors in the brain
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Psychotherapeutics
- the neurobiological view on theory
- use of drugs to treat mental illness
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drug
Substance that alters the physiological or psychological functions of the body, particularly the brain
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drug naming
1) chemical
2) generic
3) trade
4) street
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chemical structure
- molecular structure -> where it has it affects
- effect on naturally occurring chemicals in body
- Eg: drugs will usually mimic something also made in the body
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route of administration
- pathway of entry into body
- classified by application location (e.g., entry point)
- e.g., local (topical) or systemic (enteral or parenteral)
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Drug Dose
around of drug ingested
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looking at the start time feeling the drug and the route of administration for abuse
larger -> it is the interval before when you do the drug and effect -> has to be will route of administration
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Non-pharmacological factors
not related to the drug -> only related to the person
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Non-pharmacological factors dispositional characteristics
1) biological
2) learned
3) situational charcertistics
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Dispositional characteristics, biological
genetic makeup, traits acquired due to experience
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dispositional characteristics, learned
knowledge, attitudes, thought, expectations
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dispositional characteristics, situational characteristics
1) physical environment -> immediate stimuli
2) social environment -> people, laws
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Pharmacokinetics, absorption
- process/ mechanisms of entry into bloodstream
- depends where you inject the drugs
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Pharmacokinetics, distribution
- dispersion throughout body by circulating blood
- blood-brain barrier (BBB) -> limposolod it is the easy it goes
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Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability
- portion of original drug dose reaching its site of action
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dispositional tolerance
- incense in metabolism rate due to regular use
- pharmacokinetic tolerance: body can increase their metabolism rate
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functional tolerance
- decrease behavioural effects due to regular use
- brain and nervous system get affected
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pharmacodynamic tolerance, acute
developed within course of a single dose
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pharmacodynamic tolerance, protracted
developed over course of two or more doses
-> eg: feel less drunk over time
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behavioural (learned) tolerance
- adjustment of behaviour through experience in using a drug to compensate for its effects also called conditioned tolerence
- eg: start speaking slower to not slur your words so no one will know your drunk
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cross-tolerance
- tolerance to one drug crosses over to another drug
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behavioural (learned) tolerance explanations
- first time you take a drug -> risk overdose
- but slowly building up a tolerance, may protect you from overdose
- the environment triggered changes in the body that counteracted the drug -> have a protected effect
- conditioned compensatory reaction
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somatic withdrawal
- characteristics syndrome occurring wen drug is no longer used or decreased in typical dose
- mild to life-threatening -> depends on drug, dose, frequency of use and how long they have been using the drug
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behavioural (learned) withdrawal
- adjustment of behaviour through experience increasing to use a drug
- also called conditioned withdrawal
- looks at the place that they may have had withdrawal (hospital) -> they do not want to go back
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addiction, dependence
compulsive drug use
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physical dependence
state in which the use of the drug is required for normal biological functioning
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psychological dependence
- compulsive use of a drug for its pleasurable effects
- it is biological also
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how does Boyce describes the experience of drug use?
- wanting to go away from the withdrawal (more about not wanting the withdrawals)
- Boyce did to get money -> retail fraud, identity theft, petty theft, drug trafficking
- Boyce house -> mess
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Why does Boyce claim that War on Drugs “forces” people into these conditions?
Forces people to go to dealers -> risks unhypgienic conditions, places that are unsafe, risks of the drugs being mixes with other people
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According to Boyce, what roles do morality and self control play in addiction?
He says they have none -> something is out of wack with our learning system but not morality and slf-control
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State whether you agree or disagree with these positions and the reasons why or why not
Boyce calls for the government to give the drugs -> “safe supply” -> comes from tax payers money
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neurons
- Analyze and transmit information
- Over 100 billion neurons in system
- Stimulation of receptors by psychoactive drugs canactivate or inhibit a neuron
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Cell body
powerhouse of the cell
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Dendrities
receive info from other neurons
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how neutrons work
Input signal -> integration -> output signals
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Acon hillock
change in electricity of the cell then continues to the neuron
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Action potential
A brief electrical signal transmitted along the axon
Neurotransmitters are the chemical “messengers”
Resting membrane potential is caused by uneven distribution of ions
Action potential occurs when sodium ions move across channels
Blocking channels prevents action potential
Disrupts communication between neurons
Some can open up but some block
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PSP
post synaptic potential
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Synaptic Communication
1) An action potential depolarizes the axon terminal
2) The depolarization opens voltage gates Ca2 channels and Ca2 enter the cell
3) Calcium entry triggers exist
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Bottom-up processing
- Processing based on incoming stimuli from environment
- Also called data-based processing
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Top-down processing
- Processing based on the perceiver’s previous knowledge (cognitive factors)
- Also called knowledge-based processing
- Experiences from your past will affect the way interpret an environment or event
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Perception: Dynamic, Changing
1) Environmental stimulus
2) Attended stimulus
3) Stimulus on the receptors
4) Transduction
5) Transmission
6) Processing
7) Perception
8) Recognition
9) Action
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Self-medication model
Uses drug as a method of compying
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Multilevel neurodevelopmental theories
- Signs of addictions may start in youth
- Precursor start even before birth
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dopemine theory
- drugs stimulate dopamine neurotransmitters
- pleasurable or euphoric sensations
- underlies motivation and drive for goal-directed behaviour
- continued use of drug due to positive reinforcing effects
- then they want to chase the high then they want to not get the withdrawal effects
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dopamine theory, physically changes
- brain physically changes due to drug use
- can have acute and long term changes
- can have in the brain stem first (subconscious brain) then conscious
- as soon as it have impaired conscious, it has already impaired unconscious
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dopamine theory, genetic factors
- may increase the risk of substance addiction or protect against it
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The Nervous System & Nicotine Addiction
- Highlights addiction potential
- Drugs that tend to have a shorter effects -> tend to have more use
- Want to espcape the withdraw as it comes faster
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Brain Disease Model of Addiction (BDMA):
- Pathological process deviating from biological norm: ‘Dis- ease
- Disease
- Illness
- Sickness
- Characterized as chronic relapsing condition resulting from prolonged effects of drugs on the brain
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Brain Disease Model of Addiction (BDMA) what is it:
- Affects the mesolimbic dopaminergic reward system
- producing changes in brain metabolic activity, receptor availability, gene expression, and responsiveness to environmental cues (crackpipe)
- Focus on continuous treatment by medical professionals
- It is an diseas like another other
- It is something wrong with mind
- Little to no free will or choice
- Can use to treat with other drugs
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Cycle of addiction
- need to have several time
- First: binge and intoxication -> associated with feeling euphoric
- Second: brain has to readapt -> anti-reward, going back to homeostasis, The person is going to go into withdrawal -> not too bad
- Third: preoccupation and intricipation -> changes in conscious part of brain, look forward to it
You go through these cycles
Second time you do the cycle -> less euphoric, then feel less enjoyment with life then your going to crave the drug
Third -> diseuporic stage (below the base line, just wnat to go to normal), then depressed, then you are desire and need the drug
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Incentive-motivation (reward) system
- Activated during initiation and establishment of drug-taking
- Reinforces addictive behaviors through opioid and dopamine circuits in brain
- Dopamine involved in learning associations between environment (stimuli) and rewards (feeling good)
- incentive-motivation system
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Incentive-motivation (reward) system regulates two essential drives:
1) attachment (approach)
2) aversion (avoidance)
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Learning Models of Addiction
Same neurobiological processes governing all learned behaviours related to goal directed, voluntary behaviour
Classical and operant conditioning and social learning
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Learning Models of Addiction, disorder is embedded in...
context, they look at the individual relationship with their environment
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Learning Models of Addiction what is it
- Arises from motivated repetition of thoughts/behaviour to habits
- Involves narrowing of attention/attraction; shift in temporal consistency
- Focus on changing learned behaviours by changing perspectives, values, and choices
- through psychotherapies (CBT, MI) or step-programs (AA, NA)
- It is just regular learning but they take it to the extreme
- Need to change their perspective and narrow their opinions, may have to do this over time
- Do not treat them like they do not have freewill
- Absence is the ultimate goal
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Social Learning Model
- Modeling and vicarious learning
- Addiction as a rational choice
- Learn from what you observe in environment
- Learn by seeing what happens to other around you
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Social Learning Model tradeoffs
- short-term rewards vs long-term consequences of drug abuse
- May explain better why people start or stop drugs
Long term conseuqences are too big -> wife says she is going to leave you
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Social Learning Model contextual factors
1) poverty
2) social isolation
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Self-Medication Model
- Use of drugs as a way to cope:
- with stress and related negative outcomes associated with trauma
- Often because of the symptoms of mental illness
- Might find that it removes symptoms
- Drugs subsequently become source of the problem
- Concurrent disorders
- High comorbidity between substance abuse and mental illness
- Focus on early identification and intervention
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self-medication model adverse childhood experiences
Are negative that happen to you before the age of 18,
the greater the number, the greater risk of mental illness, behavioural problems and physical problems (cancer)
Adverse Childhood Experiences ACES questions
Can be spilt into two: Individual and Household dysfunctions -> yes(1), no(0)
Get a score out of 10
Those are more common
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adverse childhood experiences individual
1) Physical abuse
2) Emotional abuse
3) Sexual abuse
4) Physical neglect
5) Emotional neglect
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adverse childhood experiences households dysfunctions
1) mental illnesses
2) incarcerations
3) substance abuse
4) divorce/ seperations
5) battered mothers
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self-medication model lifelong increase vulnerability to disease:
1) Physical: cancer, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis
2) Mental: depression, BPD, schizophrenia, drug and behavioural addictions
3) Social: Promiscuity, STDs, unintended pregnancy
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Multilevel Neurodevelopmental Model
- Focus on key stages of brain development at multiple levels and across generations (inter-generational)
1) Genetic
2) Epigenetic -> how environment can change genetics
3) Neurobiological
experiences of adversity
- Takes aces -> how it effects body -> to how it affects mental illness
- These trauma can change rewrd and stress system in the brain
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Multilevel neurodevelopment theories, Considerable overlap between drug and behavioural addictions in:
1) natural history -> age of onset-> 15-25
2) Comorbidity
3) response to treatment -> whether absence base or not
etiological mechanisms -. What is the orgin
135
Multilevel Neurodevelopmental Theories Facts
- Addiction as a developmental disorder with latent effects across lifespan
- Starts early in life
- Long before they start trying drugs
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Multilevel Neurodevelopmental Theories Continuum of sensory-motor stimulation and development levels:
1) No stimulation (deprived)
- Die in infancy
2) Under-stimulation
- mild, moderate, severe (neglected)
- Can change the MDS system and predisposition them to mental illness and drug abuse
3) Adequate stimulation (average, normative)
4) Enriched stimulation
- Parent does activities with you, good nutrimination
5) Over stimulated (non-normative):
- mild, moderate, severe (abusive)
- Eg: excess screen time -> increasing mental illness
- e.g., effects of proximate separation on nervous system
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Proximate Separation
Start with good back and forth (child is demonstrating autonomy, babby is learning I have control over my environment)
Then when mom does not respond, baby have stress, that could increase mental health and drug addiction affect
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Three sets of conditions under which mothers had to forage for food:
Effects of Early Stress in Primates
1) a situation of high but predictable difficulty
2) one of consistently low difficulty
3) one of unpredictable difficulty: easy one time, difficult the next
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Effects of Early Stress in Primates
Emotional Attunement:
Observed mother-infant relationships during the first test period
Evaluated “ personality traits” that evolved as infants matured
Tested biochemical status of the young monkeys’ stress systems throughout their lifetimes
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Effects of Early Stress in Primates, unpredictable condition
Mothers showed inconsistent, erratic and sometimes dismissive rearing behavior
Infants grew up to be anxious as adults, less social and highly reactive
Traits that increase risk of addiction
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The Addiction-Prone Personality
Existence of such an entity is not a simple yes/no answer:
- No collection of personality traits themselves cause addiction, but some traits will make it more likely that a person will succumb to the addiction process.”
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The Addiction-Prone Personality, Some of the contributing factors he lists:
1) poor self regulation
2) lack of basic differentiation
3) lack of a healthy sense of self
4) a sense of deficient emptiness
5) impaired impulse control
6) poor psychological maturation
7) inability to maintain a reasonably stable internal emotional atmosphere
8) inability to be in emotional contact with others yet still remain autonomous in one’s emotional functioning
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Controversial ‘ Rat Park’ Experiments (Alexander, 1978, 1979, 1981):
- Standard models neglect role of experience in drug dependence
- Deprived/stressful environments -> drug-taking -> Drank 20 times more morphonie
- Natural/enriched environments -> abstinence -> Stimulate opoid system, dopamine system
- When deprived when to natural -> drank less morphorine
