Additional content for final exam

Question 1

6 determinants of gait that reduce vertical & horizontal displacement of the center of gravity

Answer 1

1. pelvic rotation in horizontal plane
2. Pelvic tilt in frontal plane
3. Lateral displacement of the pelvis
4. Hip flexion
5. Knee flexion
6. Ankle flexion/extension mechanism

Question 2

Gait cycle defention

Answer 2

As body mass moves forward, one limb serves as support while the other limb moves ahead to a new support

Question 3

two pashes of gait cycle are…

Answer 3

Stance (60%) and Swing (40%)

Question 4

Stance phase (what it is and its components)

Answer 4

period when foot is on the ground
- Loading response (initial contact)
- Mid-stance (opposite toe off)
- Terminal stance (Heel rise)
- Pre-swing (Opposite initial contact)

Question 5

swing phase (what it is and its components)

Answer 5

time when foot is in the air for limb advancement
- Initial swing (toe off)
- Mid-swing (feet adjacent)
- Terminal swing (tibia vertical)

Question 6

temporal parameters (there are 6)

Answer 6

1.Step length
2. Stride length
3. Cadence
4. Velocity
5. Base of Support
6. Toe-out

Question 7

Gait cycle stages

Answer 7

1. Stance (Initial contact)
2. Stance (Loading response)
3. Stance (Mid-stance)
4. Stance (Terminal Stance)
5. Stance (Pre-Swing)
6. Swing (Initial Swing)
7. Swing (Mid-Swing)
8. Swing (Terminal Swing)

Question 8

Initial contact of stance specifics

Answer 8

• Position foot & begin deceleration

Question 9

Loading Response of stance specifics

Answer 9

• Accept weight, stabilize pelvis, decelerate mass

Question 10

Mid stance of stance specifics

Answer 10

• stabilize knee, preserve momentum

Question 11

Terminal stance of stance specifics

Answer 11

• accelerate mass

Question 12

Pre-swing of stance specifics

Answer 12

• prepare for swing

Question 13

Initial swing of swing specifics

Answer 13

• Clear foot, vary cadence

Question 14

Mid swing of swing specifics

Answer 14

• clear foot

Question 15

Terminal swing of swing specifics

Answer 15

• decelerate leg, position foot, prepare for contact

Question 16

The motion segment of the spine…

Answer 16

consists of two adjacent vertebrae & associated tissues
- considered the functional unit of the spine

Question 17

what type of joints connect adjacent vertebrae?

Answer 17

• Intervertebral symphysis (joints on the anterior side)
• two gliding diarthrodial (facet joints on the posterior side)

Question 18

Classification of joints

Answer 18

• amphiarthroses (slightly moveable)
• symphysis (type of amphiarthroses joint)

Question 19

Structure of spine

Answer 19

• intervertebral discs = cushion anterior symphysis joints
• nucleus pulposus = center region of colloidal gel with high fluid content
• annulus fibrosus = Think fibrocartilage disc surrounding nucleus pulposus

Question 20

Classification of Joints

Answer 20

Diarthroses or synovial = freely moveable
characterized by:
1. Articular cartilage - protective layer of dense white connective tissue covering articulating bone surfaces
2. Articular capsule - a double-layered membrane that surrounds the joint

Question 21

function of facet joints

Answer 21

1. channel & limit range of motion in spine
2. assist in load bearing, sustaining up to 30% of compressive load on the spine

Question 22

Kinematics of the Spine (Cervical upper->lower)

Answer 22

• upper cervical
  
  • Occ to C1: FE 25, LB 5, AR 5
  • C1-2: FE 20, LB 5, AR 40
• middle cervical
  
  • C2-C5: FE 15, LB 11, AR 7
• lower cervical
  
  • C5-7: FE 18, LB 7, AR 6

Question 23

Kinematics of Spine (Upper/middle thoracic, Lower thoracic, Lumbar)

Answer 23

• Upper & Middle thoracic
  
  • T1-10: FE 5, LB 6, AR 7
• Lower Thoracic
  
  • T10-12: FE 12, LB 8, AR 2
• Lumbar
  
  • L1-5: FE 15, LB 6, AR 2
• Coupled Motions
  
  • Primary movement direction of lateral bending results in some axial rotation and vice versa

Question 24

Kinetics of Spine

Answer 24

• spine is curved; this means body weight acting vertically has components of both compression(Fc) and shear(Fs) at most motion segments

Question 25

Loads on the Spine

Answer 25

During lifting both Fc and Fs act on spine. Tension in spinal ligaments & muscles contribute to Fc

Question 26

Usage of lumbar braces

Answer 26

- support &/or immobilization - back pain - following surgery

Question 27

effectiveness of bracing

Answer 27

- minimal control - corset or belt design - intermediate control - chairback brace design - maximal control - molded plaster or plastic body jackets (thigh induced)

Question 28

How many joints in a functional spinal unit?

Answer 28

3

Question 29

The intervertebral disc is a synovial joint and consists of an annulus fibrosis and a nucleus pulposus. True or False

Answer 29

False (is a cartilaginous joint)

Question 30

How many vertebrae are in the lumbar region of the spine?

Answer 30

5

Question 31

Which motion section has the most amount of rotation in the Transverse Plane? - C1-2 - C3-4 - C5-6 - C6-7

Answer 31

C1-2 (responsible for about of all cervical spine rotation)

Question 32

Upper extremity number of joints in each section (Shoulder, Elbow, Wrist, Hand)

Answer 32

Shoulder: 5 joints Elbow: 3 joints Wrist: Many (8 bones) Hand: 19 joints

Question 33

Structure of shoulder (Sternoclavicular joint)

Answer 33

- modified ball and socket - between proximal clavicle and sternum

Question 34

Structure of the shoulder (Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint)

Answer 34

- irregular joint - between acromion process of scapula & distal clavicle

Question 35

Structure of the shoulder (Coracoclavicular (CC) Joint)

Answer 35

- Syndesmosis with coracoid process of scapula - bound to inferior clavicle by CC ligament

Question 36

Structure of the shoudler (Glenohumeral joint)

Answer 36

- ball and socket - head of the humerus articulates with glenoid fossa of scapula. - (most freely moving joint in body)

Question 37

Structure of the shoulder (Scapulothoracic joint)

Answer 37

- between anterior scapula and thoracic wall

Question 38

Structure of the Shoulder

Answer 38

secrete synovial fluid into joint capsules

Question 39

Movements of Shoulder Complex (major flexor muscles)

Answer 39

- Are the clavicular pectoralis major & anterior deltoid.

Question 40

Movements of Shoulder Complex - major extensor muscles consist of:

Answer 40

- the sternal pectoralis, latissimus dorsi, and teres major.

Question 41

Movements of the Shoulder Complex (abductors)

Answer 41

Are the middle deltoid & supraspinatus

Question 42

Movements of the Shoulder Complex (Adductor muscles)

Answer 42

latissimus dorsi, teres major, and sternocostal pectoralis.

Question 43

Movements of the shoulder complex (medial rotator muscles of humerus)

Answer 43

- are subscapularis and teres major.

Question 44

Movements of the Shoulder Complex (Lateral rotator muscles of the humerus)

Answer 44

- are infraspinatus and teres major

Question 45

Loads on the shoulder

Answer 45

Torque generated at shoulder around AP axis to hold arm up (upper & forearm)

Question 46

Structure of elbow (what is the humeroulnar joint?)

Answer 46

- hinge joint - considered THE elbow joint because it restricts motion in sagittal plane

Question 47

Structure of Elbow (what is the humeroradial joint?)

Answer 47

- gliding joint - humerus articulates with proximal end of radius

Question 48

Structure of the Elbow (What is the Carrying Angle?)

Answer 48

angle between longitudinal axes of humerus & ulna in anatomical position - ranges from 10-15 degrees - larger in females than males

Question 49

Structure of the Elbow (What are the radioulnar joints?)

Answer 49

- pivot joints - middle radioulnar joint is a syndesmosis = prevents longitudinal displacement

Question 50

Movements at the Elbow (The flexor muscles)

Answer 50

the brachialis, biceps, brachii, and brachioradialis

Question 51

Movements at the Elbow (The extensor muscle at the elbow)

Answer 51

the tricpes brachii (assisted by anconeus)

Question 52

Structure of the Wrist (what are the radiocarpal joint?)

Answer 52

condyloid articulations between the radius and the three carpal bones

Question 53

Movements of the wrist (The flexor muscles)

Answer 53

- flexor carpi radialis - flexor carpi ulnaris - palmaris longus

Question 54

Movements at the Wrist (The extensor muscles)

Answer 54

- extensor carpi radialis longus - extensor carpi radialis brevis - extensor carpi ulnaris

Question 55

Movements of the wrist

Answer 55

- hyperextension & flexion - radial deviation & ulnar deviation

Question 56

Structure and the Joints of the hand (What are the carpometacarpal joints)

Answer 56

- the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb = a saddle joint - other carpametacarpal joints = gliding joints

Question 57

Structure of the Joints of the Hand (what are the intermetacarpal joints?)

Answer 57

- irregular joints between metacarpals that share joint capsules with carpometacarpal joints

Question 58

Structure of the Joints of the Hand (what are the metacarpophalangeal joints?)

Answer 58

- condyloid joints between metcarpals & phalanges - form knuckles of hand

Question 59

Structure of the Joints of the Hand (what are the interphalangeal joints?)

Answer 59

- proximal and distal interphalangeal joints of fingers & single interphalangeal joint of thumb (all hinge joints)

Question 60

Movements of hand

Answer 60

- Flexion, Extension - Abduction, Adduction

Question 61

Movements of the Hand (what muscles are responsible for motions of the hand?)

Answer 61

- 9 extrinsic muscle w/ attachments both proximal & distal to the wrist - 10 intrinsic muscles w/ both attachments distal to the wrist