Additional Revision 2 Flashcards

Question

Animals are kept in controlled conditions

Answer 1

animals used energy form respiration to keep warm and move around using us energy means that the animals loose weight animals such as pigs and chickens are often intensively farmed this means that they are kept close together indoors in small pens, so that they are warm and cant move about this saves the wasting of energy on the movement and stope the energy loos through heat reducing the amount of body weight lost therefore as long as the animal has a good food supple they will grow faster on less food farmers will also need to control the light and ventilation reaching the animals, both of these need to be good to keep the animal healthy keeping animals in controlled conditions makes things cheaper for the farmer and for us to buy

Answer 2

plants make their own food by photosynthesis: carbon dioxide+ water>(light energy)> glucose +oxygen they use the glucose they produce to grow farmers can help increase plant growth by providing the best conditions for photosynthesis in greenhouses light is always needed for photosynthesis, so farmers often supply artificial light after the sun goes down to give the plants more quality photosynthesis time carbon dioxide is also needed for photosynthesis, so farming increases the level of carbon dioxide in their greenhouses they can also do this by burning fossil fuels which makes carbon dioxide as a by-product farmers need to carefully control the ventilation in the greenhouse, this is reduced by the humidity inside the greenhouse and to make sure that the plant dont get too hot greenhouse also trap the suns heat so that so that it doesnt get too cold for the plants

Answer 3

using organic fertilisers (manure, compost) this recycles the nutrients left in the plant and animals waste, it doesnt always work as well as artificial fertilisers, but is better for the environment ``` crop rotation ( growing different crops in a field each year this stops the pests and diseases of one crop building up and means that nutrients are less likely to run out (as each crop has different needs ```

Answer 4

weeding- physically removed, takes longer but there are no chemicals involved varying crop growing times- farmers can avoid the major pests for a certain crop by planting it later or earlier in the season, this means that no pesticide is needed using natural pesticides- some are completely natural, as long as they are used responsibly they wont mess up the ecosystem biological control- means using a predator, a parasite or disease to kill the pest, instead of chemicals

Answer 5

for an animal farm to be classified as organic, it has to follow guidelines on the ethical treatment of animals this means no battery farming- animals have to be free to ream outside for a certain number of hours a day animals also have to be fed an organically grown feed that doesnt contain any artificial chemicals

Answer 6

removal of hedges to make huge fields for maximum efficiency, this destroys the natural habitat of wild creatures and can lead to serious soil erosion lots of people think that intensive farming of animals such as battery farming is cruel the crowded conditions in factory farms crate a favoured condition for the spread of disease if too much fertiliser is applied, it can find its way into the river and lakes causing the death of many fish pesticides can build up to toxic levels in the animals like otters and birds of prey

Answer 7

advantages uses fewer chemicals, that that less toxic chemical remain in the food chain better for the environment, meaning less polluting rivers with fertilises, they also avoid pesticides so they dont disrupt food chains and harm wildlife allows the animals to live in natural conditions so they have a better quality of life many people that that the quality of organic food is better eg flavour disadvantages takes up more space than intensive farming, so more lad has to be farmland rather than being set aside for wildlife or other uses its more labour intensive and takes more time, providing more jobs, but makes the food more expensive you cant grow as much food as you can with the intensive farming method

Answer 8

to investigate how well plants grow, stick some seeds in some pots, vary the conditions and see which one grows best. consider: which variable you are investigating this could be temperature, amount of light or water, type of fertiliser, overcrowding or presence of herbicide, you have to make sure that every other variable remains the same throughout the experiment. how are you going to measure the growth: you can count the number of leaves, height of the plant of the mass or which one survives the longest. you should repeat the experiment a couple of times to make sure you get the same results- this make you results more reliable

Answer 9

farmers can select the plant or animals with so that there offspring will develop certain characteristics how its done: from the existing livestock, the organisms that have the best characteristics are selected they are bred with each other the best of the offspring are selected and bred this process is repeated over several generations to develop the desired traits by selecting certain plants or animals, scientist can: choose the best characteristics eg higher milk yield, bigger eggs increase tolerance- so crops or animals are able to thrive in a larger range of climates growing a uniform crop eg plants are the same size or a crop that is ready for harvest at the same time downside: it reduces gene pools, variation in a population id reduced because the farmer keeps breading the same type of (best) animals or plants if a new disease appears, all the livestock are similar to each other so if one is affect by the disease, most likely they will all be, this has the potential to wipe out the specie

Answer 10

genetic engineering is where a gene is transferred from one organism to another 'foreign' genes can be transferred into a plant or animal at early stages in their development the characteristics that develop depend on the gene inserted, the possibilities are endless, eg long-life tomatoes

Answer 11

advantages can produce organisms with new and very useful features the world population is increasing- we need to produce enough food for everyone, genetically modified crops could be the answer, they have a greater yield and can grown in hostile conditions risks its big business and farmers may suffer if they cant compete with the biotechnology companies the main risk is that inserted genes could have unexpected harmful effects eg genes inserted into bacteria could mutate and the bacteria could become pathogenic. people also worry about the engineered DNA escape eg crops can be engineered to be herbicide resistant but if these genes passed into weed the theyd be unstoppable

Answer 12

producing chemicals for farming is big industry fertilisers, pesticides, insecticides, herbicides are all made using chemical reactions these reactions need to be chemically controlled to make sure that chemicals are produced cheaply producers of chemicals need to: consider the price of the equipment, consider the cost of the energy required to make the chemical reactions occur, make sure that little wast as possible is produced

Answer 13

nitrogen is really important for plant growth- its found in nitrates artificial fertilisers contain soluble chemical compounds, that provide nitrogen to the plants they re[place missing nitrogen form the soil, or provide more nitrogen this helps to increase crop yield, as the crops can grow faster and bigger ammonium nitrates is a common nitrogen-containing fertilisers it is made using a neutralisation reaction: ammonia+ nitric acid>>>ammonium nitrate+ water (base) (acid) (fertiliser)

Answer 14

agricultural scientist use yield to make that chemical reactions and efficient. the actual yield of a chemical reactions is the mass of the products the theoretical yield is the mass of products you expect to get the percentage yield compares the actual yield with the theoretical yield- it tells you how successful the chemical reaction was percentage yield is given by the formula: ``` percentage yield+ actual yield( grams) X100 theoretical yield (grams) percentage yield is always somewhere between 0 and 100% a 100% yield means that you got all the product you expect to get a 0% yield means that no reactants were converts into products ie no product at all was made ```

Answer 15

when the temperature is increased the particles all move more quickly if thy are moving quicker, they are going to collide more often higher temperatures also means that the collisions are more energetic so the speed of the chemical reaction increases

Answer 16

if a solution is made more concentrated it means there are more particles of reactant in the same volume, so they'll collide more often in a gas, increasing the pressure means the molecules are more crowded, so there are more collisions this means the speed of the chemical reaction increases

Answer 17

if one of the reactions is a solid lump then braking it up into smaller pieces will increase the surface area this mans the particles of the other reactant will have more area to work on they'll collide more often more frequent collisions means the speed of the chemical reaction increases

Answer 18

a catalyst is a substance which increases the speed of a reaction, without being chemically changed or used up in the reaction because it isnt used up you only need a tiny bit of it to be catalyse a large amount of reactants catalyst tend to be very fussy about which reaction they catalyse

Answer 19

as the reactants (a and b) react via the forward reaction, the product (cans d) will be created once c and d exist, they can react via the backward reaction to produce a and b after a while the forward reaction will go at exactly the same speed as the backward one, this is equilibrium at equilibrium both reactions are still happening, but theres no overall effect- the concentrations of reactants and products wont change

Answer 20

when a reaction is at equilibrium it does not mean that the amount of reactants are equal sometimes the equilibrium will lie to the right>>> lots of the products and not much of the reactants sometimes the equilibrium will lie to the left- lots of the reactants but not not much of the products

Answer 21

ammonia (NH3), is used to make ammonium nitrate. ammonia is produced using a reversible reaction H2(g) =3H2(g) >< 2NH3(g) nitrogen and hydrogen react to form ammonia, because the reaction is reversible, the ammonia can brake down again into nitrogen and hydrogen, after a while the reaction will reach its equilibrium the position of the equilibrium and therefor the yield of ammonia is affected by temperature and pressure. higher pressure favour the forward reaction, so a high yield is used to give the best percentage yield. high pressure will actually move the equilibrium the wrong way, away from the ammonia and towards N2 and H2 meaning that the yield of ammonia would be grater at lower temperatures the problem with this is that lower temperatures means a slower reaction speed. this is a compromise between maximum yield and the speed of the reaction, its better to wait just 20 seconds for a 10% yield than to wait 60 seconds for a 20% yield

Answer 22

some of the things they are responsible for include: identifying and analysing blood and other bodily fluids identifying and comparing fivers, plant and animal material examining and comparing chips of paint and glass fragments analysing and comparing fingerprints

Answer 23

some of the things they are responsible for include: monitoring and improving air and water quality investigating and monitoring pollution monitoring and testing industrial waste to make sure businesses are not braking environmental protection laws working with industries and businesses to reduce waste pollution and increase recycling

Answer 24

some of the things they are responsible for include: analysing drugs to make sure they are stable, effective and don't have any harmful side effects monitoring the quality of drugs produced during manufacturing work out how and why drugs work so they can be improved.

Answer 25

some of the things they are responsible for include: analysing fluid samples ( blood, urine) to help identify diseases examining tissue samples to look for clues that could help to diagnose a patient

Answer 26

different substances have different characteristics: ed melting point and boiling points soluble and insoluble you can use these characteristics to identify substances the characteristic of a substance depends on its structure and bonding

Answer 27

made of charged particles called ions metal ions are always positively charged non-metal ions are usually negatively charged ions with opposite charged are strongly attracted to one another this gives ionic compounds a close

Answer 28

the forces of attraction between the ions are very strong this makes it difficult to separate the ions- it takes a lot of energy to overcome the forces to melt ionic compounds you have to separate the ions so ionic compounds have high melting points which make them solid at room temperature

Answer 29

here are some handy rules: all sodium, potassium and ammonium, salts are SOLUBLE in water all nitrates are SOLUBLE in water most chlorides are SOLUBLE in water except for silver and lead most sulfates are SOLUBLE in water except for barium and lead Calcium sulfates is is SLIGHTLY SOLUBLE most oxides, hydroxides and carbons are INSOLUBLE except for potassium and sodium

Answer 30

organic compounds tend to be covalent covalent substances tend to be non-metal 1) Ethanol the concentration of ethanol ( alcohol) in the blood is measured to find if someones' over the limit whilst driving 2)Glucose the concentration of glucose in the blood and urine can indicate if a person is diabetic 3) Drugs blood analysis can show of a person's taking illegal drugs

Answer 31

1) water if water is found in the lungs of the body it suggests that they have dies from drowning 2)carbon dioxide an increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood of a dead person may indicate that they have suffocated eg drowning, chocking, inhalation of toxic gasses

Answer 32

usually exist as a small molecules the atoms within the molecules share electrons the strong bonds formed when the atoms share electrons are called covalent bonds in contrast, the forces of attraction between these molecules are very weak you only need a bit of energy to overcome the weak forces between the molecules, so covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points meaning they are usually liquids or gasses at room temperature

Answer 33

to do flame tests you would need a nichrome wire loop, dilute hydrochloride acids and a blue bunsen burner flame: 1) clean the wire loop, or you will contaminate your sample, dip the loop in hydrochloric acid and then rinse in distilled water 2) dip the wire into your sample 3) put the dipped wire loop into the blue part of your flame 4) observe the results ``` results: sodium ions, orange flame potassium ions, lilac flame calcium ions, brick-red flame copper ions, blue-green fame ```

Answer 34

the pH scale goes from 0-14: 1) a very strong acid has pH 0, a very strong alkali has pH 14 2) if something is neural it has a pH 7 3) anything less than 7 is acidic, anything more than 7 is alkaline to measure the pH of a substance all you need to dod it pipette a drop onto the universal indicator paper and record the colour pH meters can also be used to measure the pH of a substance, this involves a probe which is dipped into the substance and the meter will give the reading

Answer 35

and here's how to do it: a very small amount of the substance to distill water in a boiling tube and shake after allowing it settle record what the contents looks like if its clear, the substance is soluble if its cloudy, its slightly soluble if there's no change, its insoluble when testing you have to be careful because if you put too much in, the solution may become saturated , making look as if its insoluble a saturated solution is one that will not dissolve any more of of the solid (unless you change the temperature)

Answer 36

here's the method: add a spatula of the sample to some distilled water in the a boiling tube and shake repeat this process until no more solid will dissolve pour the solution through some filter paper to remove any excess solid store the solution for further testing

Answer 37

carbonates give off carbon dioxide when added to to dilute acids, you can use this to test for CO3 2ions using the method of: 1) put your mystery compounds in dilute acid ed dilute hydrochloric acid 2) bubble the gas through limewater, if the line water turns milky the gas given off id carbon dioxide 3) so your compounds contains carbonate ions

Answer 38

1) many metal hydroxides are insoluble- so they precipitate out of the solution when formed 2) some of these hydroxides have characteristic colours 3) in this test you just add a few drops of sodium hydroxide solution to your mystery solution and see what happens 4) if a precipitate forms, its the colour can tell you which metal hydroxide you have made

Answer 39

1) add some diluted hydrochloride acid to a solution of your compound 2) then add a few drops of barium chloride solution to the liquid 3) if you see a white precipitate there are sulfate ions in your compounds

Answer 40

1) add dilute nitric acid to a solution of your compound 2) then add a few drops of your silver solution to the liquid 3) if you see a white precipitate, there chloride ions in your compounds

Answer 41

1) acidified potassium dichromate solution is orange 2) when ethanol is added to the solution goes green 3) this provides a simple colour change test to find out if a sample contains ethanol

Answer 42

1) the suspect is asked to blow into the test tube until the inflatable bag is full 2) potassium dichromate crystals are contained in small chamber, mixed with sulfuric acid 3) any ethanol found in their breath will react with the potassium dichromate and turn it green 4) the police officer then compares the colour with an unreacted sample, if the colour change is significant the suspect has failed the test.

Answer 43

1) modern breathalysers use a similar test, but they give you a digital reading 2) these breathalysers still contain acidified potassium dichromate but they work electronically 3) electronic sensors in the breathalysers detect the colour change if ethanol is in your breath 4) the amount of ethanol presented is then displayed as a number on the screen 5) unfortunately, even modern breathalysers aren't accurate, and if the suspect is have to b taken to the station for further testing 6) once inside the police station they will ask for a blood or urine sample so that a specialist can analyse it directly

Answer 44

1) to make the results of a a chemical test more reliable, the test should be repeated at least once by a different scientist 2) the sample should also be kept free from contamination 3) scientists can collect more accurate results by using more sensitive equipment, like a mass spectrometry and a chromatograph 4) to make sure their results are reproducible, scientist follow standard procedures or make a detailed recording of their experiment method

Answer 45

environmental scientists use titration to determine the amount of acid in the rain water or to test for certain metal ions in polluted river water food scientists uses titration to test the concentration of acid in vinegar, or lactic acid in milk

Answer 46

1) measure some of your sample solution into a titration flask 2) then add two or three drops of indicator 3) fill a burette with a known concentration of alkali-then take a reading by writing down how much alkali is in the burette 4) using the burette, add the alkali to your sample a bit at a time, keep giving the titration a swirl to help mix the solution - the end point of the titration when all the acid in the sample has been neutralised by the alkali - this will cause the indicator to change colour 5) you need to go slow when you think the end point is about to be reached 6) when you reach the end point and the indicator changes colour, stop adding the alkali and write the volume in the burette 7) you can work out the volume of alkali used to neutralise the acid by calculating the difference between the first and final reading in the burette

Answer 47

1) chromatography can be used to analyse lots of different unknown mixtures 2) it can be used to analyse the inks used in a suspected forgery 3) most inks are made up of a mixture of dyes, a forged document will probably use different ink from an official document

Answer 48

1) draw a line across the bottom of a sheet of filter paper, pencil is used because the marks are insoluble 2) add spots of ink to the line at regular intervals 3) trap the top of the paper with a pencil and let the paper hang into the solvent eg water 4) the solvent used depends on what is being tested as some compounds dissolve better in water and some in no aqueous compounds eg ethanol 5) the solvent seeps through the paper carrying the ink dyes with it 6) each different dye will move at a different pace and reveal its make up

Answer 49

1) this is very similar to paper chromatography 2) the main difference is that inset of paper, a think layer of get or paste is used on a glass plate 3) this allows a wide range of non-aqueous solvents to be used

Answer 50

1) in both types of chromatography the dyes are separated by the movement of solvent through a medium of filter paper of gel 2) the dyes move between the mobile and stationary phases as they move up the medium 2) the different dyes move up at different rates because they have different solubility 4) meaning they travel different distances in the medium 5) the more soluble dyes spend more time in the mobile phase and so move up the paper or gel faster than the less soluble ones, which spends more time in the stationary phase 6) this means that the more soluble dyes travel further than the less soluble ones 7) the speed that a dyes moves up the medium depends on whether the molecules in the dye are more strongly attracted to the molecules in the solvent or the molecules in the stationary phase 8) if the molecules in the dye are more strongly attracted to the molecules in the medium, the dye will move at a slower rate that it would if they were more strongly attracted to the molecules in the solvent

Answer 51

1) if you want to analyse the mixture of dyes in an the unknown ink, you first need to do a chromatography analysis if the the ink 2) once that is done, you can compare the the dyes in the unknown ink to the dyes in known inks to see which one it is 3) the pattern of dye spots will match when two inks are the same

Answer 52

1) a comparison microscope is a bit like two microscopes stuck together 2) they allow you to see two bits of evidence next to each other so you can compare them

Answer 53

bullets: sometimes found at a crime scene useful because fired bullets are unique to one gun if you find the bullet you can fire a test and compare bullets if they match you can match the gun to the crime if you can match a person to the gun you have a suspect when looking at a bullet you look at: length the shape and weight can tell calibre of the cartridge, helping to identify the gun rifling marks, unique marks of the imperfections inside a gun marks the bullet, no two guns are the same seeds: can be used to show where objects or people have been ( like pollen) this can be used to back up alibis or link people or objects to the scene of a crime when looking at a seed you look at: size of the seed ( length and width) color shape

Answer 54

1) quite complicated 2) they let you see things you cant with a light microscope 3) analytical scientist will still use a comparison microscope too, but polarising microscopes help reveal extra details about a sample

Answer 55

fibres: fibres are found at all sorts of different crimes, eg fibres of a burglars jumper on a broken window, human hair of an attacker on a victims shirt 2) fibres aren;t usually unique but they can still be used ti link a suspect to a crime 3) the sort of fibres a forensic scientist might look at are: human hair, animal hair, clothing and carpet fibres ``` when looking at fibres you would be looking at: the pattern the thickness the length the colour the texture if its natural or man- made ``` soil: its made up of bits of material such as rock, organic matter and water the soil composition varies in different places, so it can be used to see if a person has been at the scene using a polarising microscope makes it easier to see things like glass fragment and minerals in the soil when looking at soils you would be looking at: the colour the size of particles in the soil the presence of unusual material eg glass concrete

Answer 56

1) they use a beam of electrons to produce an image of a sample onto a compute screen 2) they can magnify images more times than a light microscope, so they can show more detail they are goof for looking at- fibres: show lots of detail, so you can see the patterns and texture of different fibre types in even grater detail layers of paint: eg paint on a car has lots of different layers if a scientist knows the colour and number of different layer then they can narrow down the make, model and age of the car the paint came from really useful for investigating car crashes and hit and runs, it might be collected off of a victims cloths and used to track the suspect electron microscopes can be used to show different layers of paint much better because the electrons reflect differently off different types of paint pollen grains: can tell us where an object or person has come from because different pollens are found in different areas, they can help to link suspects to the scene of a crime when looking at pollen you look at size, shape, surface patterns, each type of plant has a different type of pollen electron microscopes are used to look at pollen because they are really small and electron microscopes give more detail of the pollen surface

Answer 57

1) lab methods are the traditional analytical test that chemists us to test ed titrations 2) advances in electronics and computers has lead us to the instrumental method- using machines to identify substances, rather than the traditional lab method 3) instrumental method had made more advanced analysis possible 4) this is useful for: medical purposes forensic purposes environmental purposes checking whether an athlete has taken a banned substance analysing products in industry

Answer 58

advantages machines can be operated by technicians- lab methods need trained chemists to do everything they are more reliable-removes the possibility of human error they are more precise because the instruments used are more accurate and detect the thinest amount of substance much faster and test can be controlled by machines disadvantage: very expensive buy, run and maintain the machine

Answer 59

it is used to identify substances in a mixture: 1) a detector produces a chromatograph, which shows a sere of peaks 2) each peak represents a different substance in the mixture 3) different substances have different reaction times (how long it takes to pass through the GLC equipment) 4) you can compare the chromatograph of an unknown mixture to those of known mixtures to work out what it is

Answer 60

1) you can work out the mass of the molecule in a substance using a mass spectrometer 2) electrons are fires at a sample, causing the molecules to brake up into fragments (ions) 3) the fragments are recorded on a mass spectrum, giving a fragmentation pattern 4) the pattern allows analytical scientists to work out what the unknown sample is

Answer 61

1) this technique can be used to identify the chemicals in the solids, liquids or gases 2) infrared radiation is passed through the sample 3) the frequencies of radiation that are absorbed are recorded on an infrared spectrum 4) the infrared spectrum for each compound is uniquer 5) this means an unknown sample can be identified by comparing its infrared spectrum with reference spectrums

Answer 62

1) red blood cells- they carry oxygen to all the cells in the body, they make the blood look red 2) white blood cells- they are defence against disease 3) platelets- these are small fragments of cells that help the blood to clot 4) plasma- this is the liquid that carries everything about

Answer 63

1) there are 4 types of blood groups, A, B, O AB 2) the letters refer to the type of antigens on the surface of a persons red blood cells 3) red blood cells can have a A or B antigens ( or neither or both) 4) blood plasma can contain anti-A or anti-B antibodies 5) if anti-bodies meet A antigenes or anti B antibodies meet B antigene blood will clot

Answer 64

chemicals are added to the blood, then anti-human antibodies show if it is human the test for blood group is: mixing different anti- bodies with blood samples depending of whether or no the blood clots or not they can tell which blood type it is

Answer 65

1) DNA is the genetic material found in the nucleus of your cells 2) your DNA is unique- no one else would have the same as you ( unless identical twins) 3) DNA can be extracted from the hair, skin, blood, semen, saliva because they all contain cells 4) DNA profiling is a way of comparing the DNA samples to see if they come from the same person or two different people

Answer 66

1) a sample of DNA is split into fragments in a process called get electrophoresis to produce a DNA profile 2) the DNA profile is then compare with another sample to find a match 3) it can also be used as a paternity test- check the father of a child 4) its is more useful than blood typing as DNA profiling can tell you if the blood came from a particular person, where as blood typing can only narrow it down how its done: 1) extract the DNA from the cell in the sample of ( blood ect) 2) the DNA is then cut up into fragment 3) this produces lots of different sized bits of DNA, the number of each size will be different for everyone 4) the DNA bits are separated by size, using gel electrophoresis, they're suspended in an alkaline gel and electrical current is passed through the gel. DNA is negatively charged when its in the alkaline solution so will move towards the positive end of the gel, smaller bits travel faster than the larger bits, so they get further through the gel 5) the DNA is the treated to make it visible

Answer 67

1) when light goes from one substance (or medium ) into another ed air into glass, it gets refracted 2) refraction is when waves changes direction as they enter a different medium 3) this is caused by the change in speed of the light waves eg: 1) the incident ray is just the ray hitting the bock 2) it bends towards the normal as it enters the denser medium, and away from the normal it emerges into the less dense medium 3) the angle between the normal and the incident ray is called the angle of incidence (i) 4) the angle between the normal and the refraction ray is called the able of refraction (r)

Answer 68

1) there are lots of different types of glass and clear plastic, and they all bend light at different amounts 2) how much a material bends the light light is called 'refractive index' 3) the higher the refractive index, the more the light is bent as it passes from air into the material to find the angles of incidence and refraction: 1) draw a straight line on a piece of paper- this will be the normal 2) place the block of glass or plastic carefully at a right angle to the normal 3) shine a fine beam of light at the block so that it meets the block at an angle to the normal 4) using a protractor, carefully measure the angle of incidence and refraction

Answer 69

if you have two materials next to each other with the same refractive index, you cant see the boundary (interface) between them, so a piece of glass in a liquid of the same refractive index will be completely invisible oil immersion temperature method : oils have a refractive index that changes with temperature, you can vary the temperature of oil until it has the same refractive index as you glass sample: 1) using tweezers, carefully place your tiny glass sample onto the microscope slide 2) cover the sample with a few drops of silicone oil and close the slide with a slip cover 3) push your slide into a piece of apparatus called a hotstage 4) then put the whole thing a under light microscope and focus on the boundary between the glass and the oil 5) slowly heat the oil using the hotstage 6) as the temperature of the oil increases, its refractive index drops, at a certain temperature, the boundary will disappear- the oil has the same refractive index as the glass

Additional Revision 2 Flashcards

(93 cards)