ADHD

Question 1

ADHD is a childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by persisent and developmentally inappropriate levels of hyperactivity, impulsivity or inattention presenting in various combinations across home, school and social contexts

Answer 1

Carbay (2018)

Question 2

DSM-V criteria

Answer 2

APA (2013)

Question 3

what are the DSM-V diagnostic criteria

Answer 3

• onset before age 12
• 2 domains (at least 6 symptoms from 1 domain)
• inattention - difficulty sustaining attention to a task, not appearing to listen when spoken to directly, missing details in work, easily distracted by extranneous stimili
• hyperactivity/impulsivity - getting up when staying seated is the expectation, excessive talking, interrupting

Question 4

ADHD affects approximately 5-7% of children and adolescents

Answer 4

Bisset et al. (2023)

Question 5

over 60% of children with ADHD have a co-occuring developmental or psychiatric need

Answer 5

Gnanvel et al. (2019)

Question 6

difficulties with regulation and maintenance of behaviour can lead to behavioural disinhibition, difficulties with self-regulation of behaviour and executive functioning

Answer 6

Westby & Cutler (1994)

Question 7

children with ADHD and comorbid DLD experience compounded executive functioning difficulties including difficulties with working memory, cognitive flexibility, complex attention and inhibitory control

Answer 7

Standfrod & Delage (2020); Redmond et al. (2015)

Question 8

children with ADHD can present with a broad range of SLCN and some SLCN are integral to the disorder itself

Answer 8

Westby & Cutler (1994); McInnes et al. (2003)

Question 9

internalisation of rule-governed langauge requires adequate expressive and receptive language skills and the ability to comprehend, retrieve, organise and verbalise rules

Answer 9

Westby & Cutler (1994)

Question 10

atypical development or use of self-directed speech (a vital mediator for thinking and behaviour) is characteristic of self-regulatory challenges observed in children with ADHD and other neurodevelopmental disorders such as DLD and autism

Answer 10

Mulhilvill et al. (2019)

Question 11

25-40% of children with ADHD present with reading difficulties

Answer 11

Bruce et al. (2006)

Question 12

social functioning refers to social skills, information processing and peer activities

Answer 12

Ros & Graziano (2018)

Question 13

children with ADHD show impaired social functioning

Answer 13

Willis et al. (2019)

Question 14

intervention for ADHD is too complex for one profession

Answer 14

Kewley (1997)

Question 15

an example of adapting the principles of DLD intervention to suit ADHD

Answer 15

Clegg (2014)

Question 16

executive dysfunction leads to difficulties using pragmatic and structured language giving rise to difficulties with coherence and social communication

Answer 16

Mendez-Freije et al, (2024)

Question 17

SLT intervention can support executive functioning by teaching language for self-regulation

Answer 17

Mulhillvill et al. (2019)

Question 18

strengths-based approaches are acknowledge that children including those with ADHD have areas of success and capability despite the challenges they face

Answer 18

Climie et al. (2012)

Question 19

positive self-perceptions enhance social functioning

Answer 19

Ray et al. (2017)

Question 20

positive self-perceptions improve well-being and reduce emotional and behavioural difficulties

Answer 20

Shei et al. (2018)

Question 21

study whihc demonstrated that children with ADHD show comparable levels of resilience to their neurotypical peers

Answer 21

Charabin et al. (2023)

Question 22

children with ADHD show areas of strength including optimisim, high energy levels and the ability to hyperfocus

Answer 22

Sedgewick et al. (2019)

Question 23

stigma and negative perceptions can shape how a child with ADHD is viewed and treated

Answer 23

Climie & Mastoras (2015)

Question 24

strengths-based approaches reduce the risk of adverse outcomes and support long-term emotional growth, well-being and adaptive coping strategies

Answer 24

Climie & Mastoras (2023)

Question 25

psychoeducation is interventions which aim to teach the person about their disorder, providing information, support and disorder management skills

Answer 25

Bai et al. (2015)

Question 26

psychoeducation in ADHD can involve helping a child understand what the diagnosis means for them as well as supporting parents understanding of how ADHD affects communication, learning and behaviour

Answer 26

Powell et al. (2021)

Question 27

psychoeducation of parents has been shown to be successful in reducing behavioural difficulties in their children

Answer 27

Lee et al. (2012)

Question 27

classroom-based interventions based on psychoeducation of teachers has been shown to be successful but it appears that consistency between home and school is key

Answer 27

Raggi & Chronus (2006)

Question 28

learning about ADHD and its treatment can help a child feel ownership over their condition

Answer 28

Willis et al. (2019)