Adlerian Therapy

Question 1

Adler’s (1927/1959) ___________ was the first major psychology book

Answer 1

Understanding Human Nature

Question 2

Adler created ____ child guidance clinics in the Vienna public schools and began training teachers, social workers,
physicians, and other professionals.

Answer 2

32

Question 3

__________ agreed that relational, social, and
cultural factors were of great significance in
shaping personality.

Answer 3

Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, and Harry Stack
Sullivan

Question 4

Adler stresses the _____________, contending that people can only be understood as integrated and complete beings.

In this sense, we create ourselves rather than
merely being shaped by our childhood
experiences.

Answer 4

Unity of personality

Question 5

According to Adler, humans are motivated primarily by __________ rather than by sexual urges; behavior is purposeful and goal-directed; and consciousness, more than unconsciousness, is the focus of therapy.

Answer 5

Social relatedness

Question 6

________ can be the wellspring of creativity. They motivate us to strive for mastery, success (superiority), and completion. We are driven to overcome our sense of inferiority and to strive for increasingly higher levels of development human behavior is not determined solely by
heredity and environment. Instead, we have the capacity to interpret, influence, and create events.

Answer 6

Inferiority feelings

Question 7

Adlerians attempt to view the world from the client’s subjective frame of reference, an orientation described as __________

Answer 7

phenomenological

Question 8

Paying attention to
the individual way in which people perceive their world, referred to as________ includes the individual’s perceptions, thoughts, feelings,
values, beliefs, convictions, and conclusions.

Answer 8

“subjective reality”

Question 9

Adler chose the name ___________ (from the Latin individuum,
meaning indivisible) for his theoretical approach because he wanted to avoid reductionism.

Answer 9

Individual Psychology

Question 10

This ___________ implies that we cannot be understood in parts; rather, all
aspects of ourselves must be understood in relationship

Answer 10

holistic concept

Question 11

An individual’s thoughts, feelings, beliefs, convictions, attitudes, character, and
actions are expressions of his or her uniqueness, and all reflect a plan of life that allows for movement toward a self-selected life goal. An implication of this
_______ is that the client is an integral part of a social system.

Answer 11

holistic view of personality

Question 12

These core beliefs and assumptions guide each person’s movement through life and organize his or her reality, giving
meaning to life events. Adler called this life movement the individual’s ________

Answer 12

“lifestyle”

Question 13

is often described as our perceptions regarding self, others, and the world. It includes an individual’s characteristic way of thinking, acting, feeling, living, and striving toward long-term goals

Answer 13

Lifestyle

Question 14

________ is the action line of one’s community feeling, and it
involves being as concerned about others as one is about on self.

Answer 14

Social interest

Question 15

People express social interest through _______

Answer 15

shared activity and mutual respect

Question 16

________ embodies the feeling of being connected to all
of humanity— past, present, and future—and to being involved in
making the world a better place.

Answer 16

Community feeling

Question 17

If our sense of belonging is not fulfilled, ______ is the result. Only when we feel united with
others are we able to act with courage in facing and dealing with our
problems

Answer 17

Anxiety

Question 18

Adler taught that we must successfully master three universal life
tasks:

Answer 18

building friendships (social task), establishing intimacy (love–marriage task), and contributing to society (occupational
task).

Question 19

_______ is not a deterministic concept but does increase an
individual’s probability of having a certain set of experiences. Actual
_________ is less important than the individual’s interpretation of his
or her place in the family.

Answer 19

Birth order

Question 20

The _______ generally receives a good deal of attention, and
during the time she is the only child, she is typically somewhat spoiled as the center of attention.

Answer 20

oldest child

Question 21

The ______ of only two is in a different position. From the time she is born, she shares the attention with another child. The typical _______ behaves as if she were in a race and is generally under full steam at all times. It is as though this ______ were in training to surpass the older brother or sister.

Answer 21

second child

Question 22

The ______ often feels squeezed out. This child may become convinced of the unfairness of life and feel cheated.

This person may assume a “poor me” attitude and can become a problem child. However, especially in families characterized by conflict, the middle child may become the
switchboard and the peace-maker, the person who holds things together.

Answer 22

middle child

Question 23

The _______ is always the baby of the family and tends to be the most pampered one. Because of being
pampered or spoiled, he may develop helplessness into
an art form and become expert at putting others in his service.

Answer 23

youngest child

Question 24

The _______ has a problem of her own. Although she shares some of the characteristics of the oldest child
(for example, a high achievement drive), she may not learn to share or cooperate with other children.

Answer 24

only child

Question 25

Adlerian counseling rests on a _________ between the client and the counselor.

Answer 25

collaborative arrangement

Question 26

Through the process of providing clients with a new _________ a fundamental understanding of the purpose of their behavior, counselors assist them in changing their perceptions.

Answer 26

“cognitive map”

Question 27

Goals for educational process of therapy:

Answer 27

Fostering social interest Helping clients overcome feelings of discouragement and inferiority Modifying clients’ views and goals—that is, changing their lifestyle Changing faulty motivation Encouraging the individual to recognize equality among people Helping people to become contributing members of society

Question 28

Therapists often gather information about the individual’s style of living by means of a questionnaire on the client’s _________ which includes parents, siblings, and others living in the home, life tasks, and early recollections.

Answer 28

family constellation

Question 29

______ are defined as “stories of events that a person says occurred [one time] before he or she was 10 years of age.” ERs are specific incidents that clients recall, along with the feelings and thoughts that accompanied these childhood incidents.

Answer 29

Early recollections (ERs)

Question 30

The process of gathering early memories is part of what is called a __________, which involves learning to understand the goals and motivations of the client. When this process is completed, the therapist and the client have targets for therapy.

Answer 30

lifestyle assessment

Question 31

Adler, on the other hand, viewed ______ as a rehearsal for possible future actions. Just as early recollections reflect a client’s long-range goals, dreams suggest possible answers to a client’s present problems. In interpreting ____, the therapist considers their purposive function.

Answer 31

dreams

Question 32

In therapy, clients explore what Adlerians call _______, the concepts about self, others, and life that constitute the philosophy on which an individual’s lifestyle is based. __________ involves our convictions and beliefs that get in the way of social interest and that do not facilitate useful, constructive belonging

Answer 32

private logic

Question 33

Basic mistakes are identified:

Answer 33

He has convinced himself that nobody could really care about him. He rejects people before they have a chance to reject him. He is harshly critical of himself, expecting perfection. He has expectations that things will rarely work out well. He burdens himself with guilt because he is convinced he is letting everyone down.

Question 34

Illogical formulations:

Answer 34

“I am basically unlovable.” “The world is filled with people who are likely to be rejecting.” “Therefore, I must keep to myself so I won’t be hurt.”

Question 35

Counseling phases:

Answer 35

1. Establish the proper therapeutic relationship. 2. Explore the psychological dynamics operating in the client (an assessment). 3. Encourage the development of self-understanding (insight into purpose). 4. Help the client make new choices (reorientation and reeducation).

Question 36

The Adlerian practitioner works in a collaborative way with clients, and this relationship is based on a sense of interest that grows into caring, involvement, and friendship. Therapeutic progress is possible only when there is an alignment of clearly defined goals between therapist and client. During the initial phase of counseling, the main techniques are attending and listening with empathy, following the subjective experience of the client as closely as possible, identifying and clarifying goals, and suggesting initial hunches about purpose in client’s symptoms, actions, and interactions.

Answer 36

Phase 1: Establish the Relationship

Question 37

The aim of the second phase of Adlerian counseling is to get a deeper understanding of an individual’s lifestyle. During this assessment phase, the focus is on the individual’s social and cultural context. Adlerians often end a subjective interview with this question: “How would your life be different, and what would you be doing differently, if you did not have this symptom or problem?”

Answer 37

Phase 2: Explore the Individual’s Psychological Dynamics

Question 38

In the ___________, the counselor helps the client to tell his or her life story as completely as possible. This process is facilitated by a generous use of empathic listening and responding.

Answer 38

subjective interview

Question 39

The objective interview seeks to discover information about:

Answer 39

(a) how problems in the client’s life began; (b) any precipitating events; (c) a medical history, including current and past medications; (d) a social history; (e) the reasons the client chose therapy at this time; (f) the person’s coping with life tasks; and (g) a lifestyle assessment.

Question 40

The ________Adler considered the family of origin as having a central impact on an individual’s personality. Adler suggested that it was through the family constellation that each person forms his or her unique view of self, others, and life.

Answer 40

family constellation

Question 41

Family constellation

Answer 41

Who was the favorite child? What was your father’s relationship with the children? Your mother’s? Which child was most like your father? Your mother? In what respects? Who among the siblings was most different from you? In what ways? Who among the siblings was most like you? In what ways? What were you like as a child? How did your parents get along? In what did they both agree? How did they handle disagreements? How did they discipline the children?

Question 42

Another assessment procedure used by Adlerians is to ask the client to provide his or her earliest memories, including the age of the person at the time of the remembered events and the feelings or reactions

Answer 42

Early recollections

Question 43

Adlerian therapists use early recollections as a projective technique and to:

Answer 43

(a) assess the client’s convictions about self, others, life, and ethics; (b) assess the client’s stance in relation to the counseling session and the counseling relationship; (c) verify the client’s coping patterns; and (d) assess individual strengths, assets, and interfering ideas

Question 44

During this third phase, Adlerian therapists interpret the findings of the assessment as an avenue for promoting self-understanding and insight.

Answer 44

Phase 3: Encourage Self-Understanding and Insight

Question 45

________ define insight as “understanding translated into constructive action”

Answer 45

Mosak and Maniacci (2011)

Question 46

________ deals with clients’ underlying motives for behaving the way they do in the here and now. Adlerian disclosures and interpretations are concerned with creating awareness of one’s direction in life, one’s goals and purposes, one’s private logic and how it works, and one’s current behavior.

Answer 46

Interpretation

Question 47

The final stage of the therapeutic process is the action-oriented phase known as reorientation and reeducation: putting insights into practice. This phase focuses on helping clients discover a new and more functional perspective. Clients are both encouraged and challenged to develop the courage to take risks and make changes in their life. During this phase, clients can choose to adopt a new style of life based on the insights they gained in the earlier phases of therapy.

Answer 47

Phase 4: Reorientation and Reeducation

Question 48

___________ involves shifting rules of interaction, process, and motivation. These shifts are facilitated through changes in awareness, which often occur during the therapy session and which are transformed into action outside of the therapy office

Answer 48

Reorientation

Question 49

________ entails showing faith in people, expecting them to assume responsibility for their lives, and valuing them for who they are. _______is the most distinctive Adlerian procedure, and it is central to all phases of counseling and therapy. It is especially important as people consider change in their lives.

Answer 49

Encouragement

Question 50

Encouragement literally means _______

Answer 50

“to build courage”

Question 51

Adler (1930/1978) advocated training both teachers and parents in effective practices that foster the child’s social interests and result in a sense of competence and self-worth.

Answer 51

application to education

Question 52

Parent education seeks to improve the relationship between parent and child by promoting greater understanding and acceptance.

Answer 52

application to parent education

Question 53

Adlerian therapy with couples is designed to assess a couple’s beliefs and behaviors while educating them in more effective ways of meeting their relational goals

Answer 53

application to couples counseling

Question 54

With its emphasis on the family constellation, holism, and the freedom of the therapist to improvise, Adler’s approach contributed to the foundation of the family therapy perspective.

Answer 54

application to family counseling

Question 55

The rationale for Adlerian group counseling is based on the premise that our problems are mainly of a social nature. The group provides the social context in which members can develop a sense of belonging, social connectedness, and com- munity.

Answer 55

application to group counseling

Question 56

Strengths From a Diversity Perspective

Answer 56

(1) the importance of the cultural context, (2) the emphasis on health as opposed to pathology, (3) a holistic perspective on life, (4) the value of understanding individuals in terms of their core goals and purposes, (5) the ability to exercise freedom within the context of societal constraints, and (6) the focus on prevention and the development of a proactive approach in dealing with problems.