Adolescence Flashcards
1
Q
Adolescence stage of development (age)
A
11-18 years (~5th-12th grade)
2
Q
Erik Erikson’s Theory: Adolescence
A
Identity vs Confusion
- go through puberty: mental/emotional and physical changes
3
Q
What marks the beginning and end of the adolescent period?
A
star: sexual maturity
end: cessation of growth
4
Q
Physical and Psychological development in adolescence
A
- reach physical and sexual maturity
- self-consciousness and search for identity
- develop more sophisticated reasoning ability and abstract thinking
5
Q
Pre - adolescence
A
- rapid physical growth
- development of secondary sex characteristics
- females: 8-10yrs
- males: 9-11yrs
6
Q
Puberty
A
- occurs during pre-adolescence
- a child’s sexual and physical characteristics mature
- occurs due to gonadal hormone changes
- ends with the onset of menses
7
Q
menses
A
- females: menarche 12-13yrs
- males: production of sperm
8
Q
Major changes in puberty
A
- development of primary sex characteristics (sex organs)
- development of secondary sex characteristics
- rapid physical growth (spurt in height and weight)
- changes in body proportions
9
Q
Primary sex characteristics
A
testes and ovaries
10
Q
secondary sex characteristics
A
physical appearance (hair growth, breast growth, voice changes, facial hair, etc)
11
Q
Factors affecting timing of puberty
A
- genetics, stress, socioeconomic status, environmental status, nutrition diet & exercise, amount of fat and body weight, and chronic illness
12
Q
Puberty in female athletes
A
- delayed menarche (1st period)
- menstrual irregularities: 1st ovulatory cycle occurs after menarche, pubertal maturation (establishment of cyclic ovarian function), and establishment of successive ovulatory cycles may not occur for months to years after menarche
13
Q
Stages with most rapid growth
A
- prenatal
- puberty
14
Q
growth spurt order (body segments)
A
feet, legs, trunk
15
Q
growth spurt averages
A
female height: 2-8 inches
male height: 4-12 inches
female weight: 15-65 lbs
male weight: 15-65 lbs
16
Q
What % of final height is reached in adolescence? what age does this occur by?
A
females: growth ceases ~16-17yrs old with 98% of final height reached by 17yrs
males: continue to grow to 18-20 yrs with 98% of final height reached by 18
17
Q
Adolescent BMI
A
- underweight: <18.5kg/m2 or <5%
- healthy weight: 18.8-24.9 kg/m2 or 5%-85%
- overweight: 25-29.9 kg/m2 or 85%-95%
- obese: >30 kg/m2 or >95%
18
Q
changes in body proportions during puberty
A
- face: nose reaches adult size first
- hands & feet: reach adult size before arms and legs
- lower extremities become longer than the trunk
- bones grow faster than muscles leading to motor awkwardness
19
Q
changes in body proportions later in adolescence
A
- growth slows down
- body proportions are similar to adult proportions
- bone growth stops at ~18 for females and ~21 for males
- improved coordination b/c cessation of growth allows adolescents to stabilize the organization of different muscular patterns
20
Q
Skeletal system maturity
A
- when epiphyseal plates close (begins in childhood)
21
Q
epiphyseal plate closer
A
- starts ~ age 2 with fusion cranial bones, vertebral arches of the thoracic spine in the first year of life and fusion of vertebral arches of the lumbar spine by age 6
- all are closed at age 25
22
Q
precautions of epiphyseal plates
A
- don’t ultrasound over open plates
- fracture can cause asymmetrical growth
23
Q
Bone maturity in adolescence
A
- bone is immature through adolescence
- more porous w/ thick periosteum
- unstable physes (growth plates)
24
Q
skeletal system maturity
A
indicated by ossification of bones, seen on x-rays
- long bones of the wrist and iliac crest (for scoliosis) are used to compare to average
25
muscle system changes in adolescence
- increase in muscle size, strength, and endurance
- mm increases first, in in muscle strength is directly related to inc in mm
- adult muscle diameter is reached ~ 12-15 yrs
26
strength changes in adolescence
- linearly increases in adolescence
- plateaus at ~ 15 for females
- accelerates b/w 13-20 in males
27
length - tension relationship
muscular system lengthens in response to skeletal system growth to establish the appropriate length-tension rln
28
Adolescent Cardiopulmonary system at rest
- pulse: 60-90 bpm
- respiratory rate: 16-24bpm
- inc in size of heart
- inc in blood volume
- inc in weight and volume of lungs
29
Adolescent Cardiopulmonary system during acute exercise
in comparison to adults:
- HR is higher during sub-max and max exercise
- stroke volume is lower
- cardiac output (adjusted for mass) is higher
- BP is lower at rest, the slope of systolic rise is less dramatic with exercise
30
Temperature regulation in adolescence
- greater surface area to body mass ration
- produce MORE metabolic heat/mass unit during physical activity
- lower sweating capacity (b/c fewer sweat glands)
31
implications of temp regulation in adolescence
- at higher temps adolescents are at risk for heat related injuries
- at lower temps, adolescents are at risk for increased heat loss
32
exercise prescription for adolescents
F: 3-5x per week
I: 50-85% VO2max, 40-50% if deconditioned, can also use Borg
T: 30-60 mins
T: play, games, sport, recess, etc (FUN)
33
social antagonism
need for privacy, resent supervision and directions, struggle for independence, wish to be free from restrictions and parental control
34
search for identity
a seperation from the family
- develop their own self-concepts, question/test beliefs and values
- emotion issues related to confusion, depression, and discouragement
35
psych development of young teens (13-14 yrs)
- more self centered (seen from their point of view)
- value peer's opinions w stereotypical adolescent preoccupations
36
psych development of middle teens (15-16 yrs)
- compromise
- more tolerant of other's views
- think more independently
- risk taking behaviors with a focus on the present and denial of the consequence
- dating usually begins ~15/16
37
psych development of late teens (17-18yrs)
- develop a sense of seriousness
- ends when they take on adult work roles, marry, or become parents
38
cognitive development ages 11-14
increasingly capable of thinking hypothetically, applying formal logic, using abstract concepts
- more relative/less absolute
- more self reflective
- capable of considering an extended time perspective
39
Self esteem in 2nd decade of life (11-20yrs)
- small gains have been documented
- initial decile in early adolescence (especially girls)
- low self esteem associated w depression, suicidal behavior, delinquent behavior, and drug use
40
self esteem is affected by personal judgment of:
- physical activeness (especially girls)
- acceptence by peers
- academic competence
- athletic ability and conduct
41
parental and peer support
- associated with adolescent self esteem
- peer support takes on increasing importance
42
signs and symptoms of depression and suicide
- feelings of sadness, tiredness, withdrawn, thinking hopelessly or negatively
- marked by: anxiety, eating disorders, ,substance abuse, and hyperactivity
- causes: familial issues, relationship issues, substance abuse, poor choices
43
Destructive Behaviors
- disordered eating
- self-injurious behavior
- substance abuse
44
sexuality
- puberty accompanied in increase in sexual arousal
- by the end of high school ~48% have had sexual intercourse
- children w disabilities are at greater risk of sexual abuse
- condom use is reported at 57%
45
Risk for injury in adolescent athletes
- sport specialization --> neuromuscular control improves with multiple sports
- rapid growth spurts/changes in body proportion --> decreased coordination
- inc in training volume
46
RED-S
Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport
- insufficient caloric intake or excessive energy expenditure
- common in adolescent athletes
- formerly know as the female athelte triad
47
implications of RED-S
- decrease in muscular strength and endurance performance
- chronic fatigue
- bone loss leading to an increased risk for fracture
- psychological stress, depression, and anxiety
- can lead to menstrual disturbance in female athletes
48
ACL injury
- occurs with rapid change in directions or non-contact situations (jump or a quick twisting motion) (soccer, basketball)
- more common in female athletes
49
ACL pt implications
- can commonly occur w fracture of the growth plate
(girls close ~13-15 and boys close ~15-17)
- inc risk of osteoarthritis later in life
50
ACL rehab
- early stages: ROM and mobility
- gradually progress to strengthening, endurance, and neuromuscular training
- later stages: return to sport
