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Human Lifespan Development > Adolescence > Flashcards

Adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

Age

A

10-19 years

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2
Q

Physical changes

A
  • Occur at a rapid pace
  • Puberty
  • Hormonal changes (testoterone / estrogen)
  • Different parts of the body grow at different rates
  • Hair & skin becomes oily / acne
  • Increased sweating & body odour
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3
Q

Hormonal changes…

A

Stem from the hypothalamus –> pituitary gland in the brain

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4
Q

Psychological implications…

A
  • Self-conscious
  • One’s appearance compared to peers
  • Emotional reactions to development
  • Body image
  • Changes in family relations (more independent, less close to parents, conflict, moodiness, bouts of depression, variable energy levels and restlessness, spending more time with peers or other social settings)
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5
Q

Erikson - Which stage?

A

5 - Identity vs. Role Confusion

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6
Q

Neurocognitive Development…

A
  • Brain is remodelled through synaptic pruning

* Intense period of change - fast-growing synapses and sections that remain unconnected

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7
Q

Synaptic pruning occurs…

A

from back (amygdala - limbic system) of the brain to the front (prefrontal cortex)

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8
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

reasoning, logic, thinking, planning, judgement, decisions

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9
Q

Amygdala (limbic system)

A

emotions, instinct, reactive, impulsive

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10
Q

Neurocognitive consequences

A
  • Risk-taking
  • Novelty / sensation seeking
  • Poor judgement
  • Disorganization
  • Forgetfulness
  • Acting before thinking
  • Overconfidence
  • Emotional
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11
Q

What impacts the teen brain?

A

Substances - alcohol and drugs

  • Impacts memory, attention, processing speed & executive functions
  • Poor academic performance
  • Smaller hippocampal, prefrontal cortex, and poorer quality of white matter, inhibition problems
  • Higher rates of depression and anxiety

Stress

  • Acute
  • Chronic (continuous adrenaline and cortisol)
  • Relates to development of current and later emotional disorders (depression) and anxiety
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12
Q

Two hormonal systems affected by stress?

A
  1. “Flight or fight” - sympathetic nervous system (epinephrine & norepinephrine)
  2. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis - slower more protracted hormonal response
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13
Q

Which stage of Piaget’s theory?

A

4th: Formal operations stage (12 to adulthood)

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14
Q

Moral reasoning

A

instrumental hedonism - “you scratch my back, and I’ll scratch yours”

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15
Q

Moral Reasoning: Damon & Hart (1992)

A
  • Morality becomes part of an adolescent’s identity
  • More sensitive to expectations of others
  • “I am how I act with others”
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16
Q

Eisenberg’s theory (1989)

A

In rebuttal to Kohlberg’s theory:

  • Kohlberg’s theory too rigid
  • Children can reason from several different levels and can use any level
  • Moral development defined by empathetic reasoning
17
Q

Dunedin Study & offending behaviour… Two types of groups…

A
  1. Adolescence -limited offenders

2. Life-course-persistent offenders

18
Q

Peer influence

A

Laurence Steinberg

19
Q

Marcia’s Theory (1966)

A

Identity formation

20
Q

Marcia’s 4 categories of identity formation

A
  • Achieved
  • Foreclosed
  • Moratorium
  • Diffused
21
Q

Diffusion Status:

A

Not yet thought about or resolved identity issues. “I haven’t really thought much about religion… I don’t really know what I believe.”

12-15 yrs

22
Q

Foreclosure Status:

A

Seems to know who s/he is but has latched on to an identity prematurely, without much thought. “My parents are Baptist and I’m a Baptist.”

12-15 yrs

23
Q

Moratorium Status:

A

Currently experiencing an identity crises and is actively raising questions and seeking answers. “I’m in the middle of evaluating my beliefs… I like my catholic upbringing, but I’ve become skeptical…”

18 yrs

24
Q

Identity Achieved Status:

A

Has resolved the crisis and made a commitment to the belief, goal or value. “I finally found what I believe in.”

20+ yrs

25
Q

What influences identity formation?

A
  • Cognitive growth
  • Relationship with parents
  • Experiences outside of the home
  • Broader cultural context
26
Q

Parenting styles - Dimensions of parenting

A
  1. Acceptance / responsiveness (supportive / unsupportive

2. Demandingness / control

27
Q

Parenting styles:

A
  • Supportive
  • Unsupportive
  • Demanding
  • Undemanding
28
Q

Baumrind’s research:

A

Parenting styles

Human Lifespan Development (1 decks)

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