Adolescence and early childhood Flashcards
(22 cards)
What is adolescence?
Phase between childhood and adulthood
pubertal development is usually seen as the start
aduldthood-usually more a legal thing. UN world-18y/o
the new adolescence-10 to 25 still have development
Lengthening of the time of “task of adolescence”-marriage and making home later and later–puberty is lower/marriage and childbirth later=> transition of autonomy changed
What are 4 key construct that change in adolescence?
cognitive/emotional-reasoning, awarness, identity, cognitive
Family-challenging rules, discipline need reasoning, less intimacy with parents
Peers-peer activities/confiding. sexual relation, peer group influences-important in development
Biolgy-puberty/endocrine changes
What is adrenarche?
Adrenarche-precusor of puberty Start in female-6-9, male 7-10 development of hair in axilla/etc DRIVEN by adrenals-DHEA and DHEASulfate role uncertain but usually precursor
Endocrinology of puberty
combination of the GnRH pathway to the gonads -> makes biggest change (breast, etc,)
and the CRH/ACTH pathways to the adrenals (adrenarche)
What is the pattern of growth for boys and girls in puberty?
In girls-early pubertal even-happens around 10
In men-late pubertal evens-by 16 most people are caught up
of course each even had a range of normal
girls can be prepubere at 13 or fully done
thats why charts can be tricky because based on averahes
age of puberty has decreased a lot in past 100years-better nutrition (from 17 to 12)
What are some psychological changes during puberty? and social changes?
Cognition, identity, increased self awareness, affect expression and regulation
Family-role of parents change-parental surveillance/confiding change Peers-increased importance, more complex, hierachical relation More sensitive to acceptance.rejection Romantic Social role-education/occupatio
wider influences become more influences: School, work, culture, social media, social status
because so key–also when you start getting issues/suble communication issues that suddenly come forward because interaction are more complex
Describe adolescent brain development?
Not much research done
cortical changes-tickhening of cortex, and then thinning
crossing of grey matter to white matter and pruning of less used pathways
mistatch between cognitive and affect pathway pruning/remodelling->increase vulnerability to risk taking (not as good at calculating risk)
link with mental health-tend to develop a lot more in adolescence-majority MANIFEST
In what sense does self awarness increase in adolescence?
Generally tend to compare themselves to other people-especially girls with mental health disorders and even more with the increase of social media
Describe the prevalance of mental health disorders in children?
17% of 17-19 years old have an issue
14% of 11-16
So develops a lot more during adolesence
Especially emotional disorders–most common one
What is anorexia nervosa?
No longer a weight behavior–
Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements leading to LOW body weight
Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat
Disturbance of weight shape, undue influences, persistant lack of recognition of seriousness of low body weight -> can be explicit
amenorrhoa not in Diagnostic take-just need to see some form of physical issue
subtype-restricting vs binge eating/purge
What are ways physchiatrist tend to think of causes of eating disorders?
Predisposing, predipitating, perpetuation, protetive in one column
and each of those thinking of what the child brings to the area, the family and systemic (or biological, psychological and social)
(eg genetic is family, predisposing. Social media might by systemic perpetuating)
because never just has a single cause
but anorexia nervosa does have a few SNP’s associated with it-and other mental health disorders. lot of those risk are physchiatric linked, but also metabolic
How hereditable are mental health issues
because never just has a single cause
but anorexia nervosa does have a few SNP’s associated with it-and other mental health disorders. lot of those risk are physchiatric linked, but also metabolic
but mostly unshared events-to you specifically
biggest common risk factor-female
triggers also play a big role-bullying
perpetuting-isolation, loss of control, social media, family
What is the aim of treatment of mental health disorders?
Aim to stop the perpetuating disorders-isolation, other
also try and stop abherrent cycle of rewards and lack of self esteeem
best chances-competant parent and parental network
eating disorder focused family meeting/therapy —not family therapy, but including them
if necessary-inpatient treatment->day patients is just as good-inpatient can stay too long
What are risk factors for eating disorder?
being girl, extreme levels of weight-high or low
comorbidities/ with large negative affect (lots of feeling/anger/depression)-> also how did it become about food is usually cause of:
Poor body image
Autistic traits are associated
when starved-become more narrow minded like autistuc
tendency to not see big picture in specialised tests
obesity and disorders are driven by similar factors
and they drive each other
Prognosis of eating disorder/
about 20% become chronic-and the longer goes on the more high chance of die
40% cure with first line Subtype of nervosa changes prognosti
what is depression?
Constant way but the more symptoms you have the more impairment its causing-better than yes or no
some ex: Appetite/weight. Low mood, loss of enjoyment, loss of energy, libido, etc)
what are the criterial for diagnosing depression?
have to have had it for 2 weeks
pervasive-whenever you are
and impairing to day to day life
seprate on basis of severity-mild/moderate/severe
also can seperate in cause/characteristic
depression episode-only have it once
dysthymia-pervasive low mood on and off
biploar-up and down
etc (seasonal affective disoder)
What are the problems associated with depression?
Self harm, anxiety disoders-anorexia
what is the 2 typess od pre-pubertal disoders?
1st-co-morbid behavioral problems causes by the environement, like parental crimilinaty
2nd-less common-family assocaited with low mood and depression-more likely to come back later
in . children, can see irritability instead of sadness
Or feeling somatic feels-like stomach pain instead of sadness
high rates of short term persistance (20%)
and continues to adulthood often
triggers-life losses,
What are treatments for depression?
Mild-cognitive behaviral therapy
moderateantidepressant+therapy
severe-antidepressant+therapy
What is conduct disders?
Antisocial disorder/delinquency
repeptitive and persistant behaviours-bullying, tantrums, violance, vandalism
either on own or in group -own (unsocialised)-> more dangerous/worse prognotic
most common childhood disorder
more common in urban environement
usually just sticks to adolescence-a
again can use similar frameworks as before
What are the main intervention aims for conduct disoder?
Taregett modifyable perpetuating factors
parenting programmes
congitive problem solving skills training
intervention at school
care because very high reciditive behaviour (and gets worse with drugs, peers)-need early intervention
