Adolescence: Personality development Flashcards
(25 cards)
temperament and personality are mostly concerned with stability and change, how does the big 5 dimensions change during adolescence?
1 extraversion- social dominance increase
2 negativi emotionality and neuroticism- mixed evidence
3 agreeableness- liitle change, more for girls
4 effortful control and conscientiousness- decrease as risk-taking behavior increase
5 openess- increases
what are the big 5 dimensions corrolations with temperament and personality in adolescence?
1 extraversion- externalising behavior/ reduce risk of depression
2 negativi emotionality and neuroticism- irritability and fearfulness predict high levels of internalising behavior
3 agreeableness- externalising behavior and low academic
4 effortful control and conscientiousness- self-regulation predicts low levels of externalising behavior and high academics
5 openess- mixed evidence that it predicts high academics
what are the shapers of temperament and personality? and what do they do?
experiences, interpersonal experiences
alter connections between emotional reactions to events, conceptualization of events and strategies to cope with events
according to Baltes, what are the 3 processes that together makes up an effective strategy of maximising adaptive functioning? accronym is SOC
selection- identify goals, commit, smaller tasks
optimisation- direct effort, energy and time to goal
compensation- reward for overcoming limitations
what is the psychoanalytic perspective on personality development in adolescence?
adolescence enter last stage of personality dev- genital stage- maturity- sexual drive
who is the most influential psychoanalytic theorist regarding personality development in adolescence? and what did he theorise?
Erikson- central crisis- dev of personal identity (awareness of oneself) otherwise role confusion or identity confusion might happen
identity becomes unglued in stage
how does identity develop?
crises of previos stage should be resolved
basic trust, autonomy, initiative and industry
need to define who they are what is NB to them- identity crisis where you explore and are confused to develop own set of values
define the psychosocial moratorium?
it is a period of time which society allows adolescence to find themselves and their roles as adults through experimentation
what task must adolescence master in order to develop own identity?
ego-syntheis= form continuous, integarted, unified image of self
socio-cultural identity= identity must include values of their culture
gender-role identity= must be firmly established, must accept gender identities as M/F
career identity= be realistkc regarding their own abilities and achievements- realistic career choice
own value system= rethink values muts be based on own philosophy- anchor for life
what is identity confusion and to what 2 things does it result in?
indecisive about themselves and roles- not ability or self-confidence to make decisions- leads to anxiety and hostility towards values and roles
Result in:
1 identity foreclosure= resolve identity ciris by making pre-mature decisions about self based on expectations- adopt roles
2 negative identity= form identity contrary to cultural values - drug abusers
what are the evaluation of Erikson’s theory on identity formation?
created better understanding of personality dev
shortcomings:
1 terms “crisis” too dramatic and is more complex
2 identity crisis later in adolescence - Erikson too optimistic
3 adolescence not form identity at the same time in all areas like Erikson said
what is the identity status that James Marcia described and what are the 4 statusses?
crisis they have already worked through and the degree of commitment to these choices
1 identity achievement- passed through crisis period and has strong commitment to career and values
2 identity moratorium- still in ciris period and investigating
3 identity foreclosure- no crisis but commitment to goals
4 identity diffusion- crisis may or may not be experienced, not commited to anything or resolves anything
do all adolescence move through identity statuses in the same way?
- traditional backgrounds- form foreclosure identities
- stressors cause people to adopt foreclosure status
- yound adults indicate that the process of identity formation occurs at later stage than Piaget or Marcia said
- some are stuck in certain stages- adjustment problems
- search for identity goes over a period of a lifespan that has stability and instability
what 6 factors contribute to the identity formation?
1 cogn dev-more advanced abstarct and information-processing skills reach identity formation
2 parenting- strong attachment bonds give support and freedom to explore
3 peers- support and rolemodels and oppertunity to explore
4 schools and community- rich and different experiences
5 personality- flexible, open0minded
6 socio-cultural and socio-political events- end of Apartheid influence psychosocial identities
why is it difficult for adolescence to form a personal identity in a rainbow nation like SA?
come in terms with own ethnicity and cultural anchestry
accomodate many other cultures
have secure cultural identity- higher selfesteem, positive, optimism, mastery over environment, respect
umbrella identity
describe the actual self, possible self and false self
actual self- real self
possible self- (ideal- would like to be and feared self-possible but dreads to become)- abstract ideas
false self- present to others
how does an adolescence self-esteem change?
views and evaulates themselves
new dimensions added to evaluate
temporar decline in self-esteem- they just need to adjust to new cogn and phsyical changes
what are the 2 aspects of self-esteem?
baseline self-esteem= stable, enduring sense of worth, positively evaluate themelves
barometric self-esteem= fluctuating sense of worth as they respond to different thoughts and interactions- intense emotions
how does individualistic and collectivist cultures influence the self?
individualistic- encourage reflection of self- independence is good, think highly of self- western
collectivist- narrow socialization- interest of group comes first- to think higly of self is threat to harmony- optimism
what emotional changes occur in adolescence?
fewer extreme positive emotions and more negative emotions- akward, lonely
mood swings
gender diff- girls more anger and depression
due to hormonal changes
abstract thinking- read more into emotions
explain Donald super lifespan lifespace approach to career choices in adolescence
choice of career- continuous process
spesific stages were choices are made- needs skills and career maturity- lifespan
lifespace- individual aspects like values
choose careers to realise our self-concept takes place between self and environment
explain John Holland’s theory of personality types
relationship between person, environment and interaction between person and environment and behavior from this interaction - 6 personality types that fit certain careers
what are the 6 personality types by Holland to fit certain career?
realistic, investigative, social, conventional, enterprising, artisitic
what model did Holland propose to illustrate predictability of behavior?
hexagonal model
with the 6 personality types
