Adolescences

Question 1

Cultural Trauma

Answer 1

occurs when members of a groups feel they’ve experienced a horrendous event that leaves a mark upon the consciousness.

Question 2

Adolescences

Answer 2

The stage of development that begins with puberty and ends when individuals make the transition into adulthood

Question 3

Puberty

Answer 3

period during which an individual becomes capable of reproduction

Question 4

What are some manifestations of puberty?

Answer 4

primary and secondary sex characteristics; body hair, breasts, period, etc.

Question 5

endocrine system

Answer 5

system of glands that produce, circulate, and regulate hormones

Question 6

Gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Answer 6

the key regulator of the reproductive axis

Question 7

neurons role in puberty

Answer 7

Neurons (gray matter) and synapses (junctions between neurons) proliferate in the cerebral cortex and are then gradually pruned throughout adolescence

Question 8

Hypothalamus

Answer 8

regulates levels of sex hormones (thermostat metaphor)

Question 9

steps to release of androgens and estrogens

Answer 9

hypothalamus–> pituitary glad–> gonads–> sex hormones

Question 10

Adrenarche

Answer 10

the maturation of the adrenal gland (during puberty)

Question 11

What are the role of gonads?

Answer 11

gonadal steroids exert a strong influence on memory for social info and on social bonding

Question 12

what causes puberty to happen?

Answer 12

you are born with everything you need to set off puberty- generally accepted that genetics determine when the HPG axis is awakened and signals body to start puberty

Question 13

somatic development

Answer 13

growth in multiple different aspects- effective of hormonal changes of puberty are remarkable

Question 14

secular trend

Answer 14

the trend that overtime people are maturing faster and growing bigger

Question 15

what are examples of elements that effect onset of puberty

Answer 15

environment, genetics, nutrition levels, etc

Question 16

what are examples of the immediate impact of puberty

Answer 16

physical changes affect self-image, mood, and relationships with parents

Question 17

cognition

Answer 17

the processes involved in thinking and mental activity, such as attention, memory, and problem solving

Question 18

what’s an example of cognitive ability adolescence have that kids don’t?

Answer 18

metacognition, grasping abstract concepts, thinking about possibilities, deductive reasoning, theory of mind (perspective taking), speed of processing, organization, selective attention, impulse control

Question 19

adolescence egocentrism

Answer 19

extreme self- absorption

Question 20

imaginary audience

Answer 20

a psychological state where an individual imagines and believes that multitudes of people are listening to or watching them

Question 21

personal fable

Answer 21

an adolescence’s belief that they are unique and therefore not subject to rules that govern everyone- vaping, reckless driving, etc.

Question 22

adolescent relativism

Answer 22

adolescents shift from viewing things as absolute to seeing things in multiple dimensions

Question 23

cognitive- developmental view

Answer 23

perspective based on piaget’s work- takes a qualitative, stage theory approach (sensorimotor period, preoperational period, concrete operations, formal operational)

Question 24

info-processing perspective

Answer 24

derives from the study of artificial intelligence

Question 25

working memory

Answer 25

aspect of memory in which info is held for a short time while a problem is being solved

Question 26

long- term memory

Answer 26

the ability to recall something from long ago

Question 27

at what age are adolescents proficient as adults in basic cognitive abilities

Answer 27

15

Question 28

Brain structure

Answer 28

The physical form and organization of the brain

Question 29

Brain function

Answer 29

Patterns of brain activity

Question 30

MRI

Answer 30

magnetic resonance imaging - makes pictures of organs using magnetic field and pulses of radio wave energy

Question 31

fMRI

Answer 31

functional MRI- measures activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow

Question 32

Neurons

Answer 32

nerve cells- there are about 1 billion

Question 33

Synapse

Answer 33

gap in space b/t neurons, across neurotransmitters carry electrical

Question 34

neurotransmitters

Answer 34

endogenous chemicals that allow neurons to communicate with each other throughout the body

Question 35

synaptic pruning

Answer 35

process of eliminating unnecessary connections b/t neurons- this improves connectivity

Question 36

plasticity

Answer 36

the capacity of the brain to change in response to experience

Question 37

developmental plasticity

Answer 37

extensive remodeling of the brain's circuitry in response to experiences during childhood and adolescence, while brain is still maturing

Question 38

Adult plasticity

Answer 38

relatively minor changes

Question 39

prefrontal cortex

Answer 39

region of the brain most important for sophisticated thinking abilities, such as planning, thinking ahead, weighing risks

Question 40

Dopamine

Answer 40

important for brain circuits regulating renewal

Question 41

serotonin

Answer 41

important for the experience of different moods

Question 42

social redefinition

Answer 42

the process through which an individual's position or status is redefined

Question 43

how do we measure adolescence

Answer 43

time of puberty to time of marriage

Question 44

Inventionists

Answer 44

Theorists who argue that the period of adolescence is mainly a social invention

Question 45

how did industrialization effect how children were viewed

Answer 45

individualism was introduced and so children are seen as separate from there families and are encouraged to pursue careers diverting from the family

Question 46

child protectionists

Answer 46

individuals who argued, early in the twentieth century

Question 47

Teenager

Answer 47

A term popularized about 70 years ago to refer to young people; connotes young people having finical freedom and becoming their own demographic (to be sold to)

Question 48

Youth

Answer 48

Today, a term referring to individuals aged 18-22

Question 49

Emerging Adulthood

Answer 49

a new stage of life or luxury of the middle class?

Question 50

what are the 5 characteristics or emerging adulthood?

Answer 50

1. Exploration of possible identities 2. instability in work, romantic, living arrangement 3. a focus on oneself 4. feeling of limbo 5. life holds lots of possibilities

Question 51

what are the two important dimensions involved in the process of social redefinition?

Answer 51

1. Clarity 2. Continuity

Question 52

Transition to adulthood in the U.S. is...

Answer 52

discontinuous

Question 53

What does it mean for a societies transition into adulthood to be continuous?

Answer 53

The transition into adulthood is abrupt and there is little to no preparation.