Adolescents Flashcards
(85 cards)
1
Q
What is the age range for adolescence?
A
Ages 11-18
2
Q
What is the definition of puberty?
A
- Puberty is the years of rapid physical growth and sexual maturation that ends childhood
- Producing a person of adult size, shape, and sexuality
3
Q
What is the average age for menarche?
A
12 years & 8 months
4
Q
What is menarche?
A
- Menarche is a girl’s first menstrual period
- Signals that she has begun ovulation
5
Q
What is the average age for spermache?
A
Under 13 years
6
Q
What is spermarche?
A
- Spermarche is a boy’s first ejaculation of sperm
7
Q
Explain the process of how the body goes through puberty.
A
- The process begins with an increase in hormones
- The hormone leves correlate with physiological changes & developments
- A chain reaction of hormones from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland to the adrenal and sex glands (ovaries or testes)
8
Q
What does the HPA axis stand for?
A
Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal axis
9
Q
What is the HPA axis?
A
- HPA axis = hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis
- A sequence of hormone production originating in the hypothalamus and moving to the pituitary and then to the adrenal glands
- Hypothalamus→Pituitary gland →Adrenal glands
10
Q
What does the HPG axis stand for?
A
- Hypothalamus- Pituitary gland- Gonad axis
11
Q
____________ is the time between the first on rush of hormones and full adult physical appearance.
A
Puberty
12
Q
How long does puberty usually last?
A
Purberty usually lasts three to five years
13
Q
After puberty does the individual achieve psychosocial maturity?
A
No, it takes many more years aftert puberty to achieve psychosical maturity
14
Q
What is the function of the HPG axis?
A
- HPG axis: hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis
- A sequence of hormone production originating in the hypothalamus and moving to the pituitary gland and then to the gonads (testes or ovaries)
- Hypothalamus →Pituitary gland →Gonads (ovaries, testes)
15
Q
What are the kinds of sex hormones in both males and females?
A
- Estradoil (chief estrogen)
- Testosterone
16
Q
What kinds of sex hormones are in males?
A
- Males have both estradoil (chief estrogen) and testosterone but in different quantities.
- Males have more testosterone and less estradoil (chief estrogen) than females
17
Q
What kinds of sex hormones are in females?
A
- Females have both estradoil (chief estrogen) and testosterone but in different quantities.
- Females have more estradoil (chief estrogren) and less testosterone than males
18
Q
How does puberty affect the circadian rhythm & sleep of teenagers?
A
- The cascade of hormones during puberty causes a phase delay in the circadian rhythm
- Thereby many teens are wide awake and hungry at midnight and half asleep during the day
- Results in sleep deprivation
19
Q
What is the average age of puberty for girls and boys?
A
- Puberty normally begins between ages 8 to 14
- Most of the physical growth and maturation ends about 4 years after the first sight of puberty
20
Q
What factors contribute to the timing of puberty?
A
- Genetics
- Gender
- Girls typically start puberty earlier than boys
- Body fat
- Girls with higher body fat start earlier than girls with lower body fat
- Boys with higher body fat start later than boys with lower body fat
- Hormones
- Controversy over hormones in foods and milk contributing to earlier puberty onset
- Stress
- High stress correlates to earlier puberty onset
21
Q
Explain how the adolescent body goes through the growth spurt.
A
- Each body part increases in size on a schedule:
- Weight usually precedes height
- Growth of limbs precedes the growth of the torso
- Because the torso is the last body part to grow many pubescent children are temporarily big footed, long-legged, and short waisted
22
Q
Define growth spurt
A
- The relatively sudden and rapid physcial growth that occurs during puberty
23
Q
What are changes in the adolescent body that increase endurance in terms of the lungs?
A
Lungs triple in weight making adolescents breathe more deeply and slowly
24
Q
What are changes in the adolescent body that increase endurance in terms of the heart?
A
The heart doubles in size as the heartbeat slows, decreasing the pusle rate while increasing blood pressure
25
What are changes in the adolescent body that increase endurance in terms of the _blood cells_?
Red blood cells increase in number
26
Why are teenagers more prone to sports injuries?
Teenagers are prone to more sports injuries because:
* Their height spurt precedes in muscle mass
* Less muscle coordination
27
What is a characteristic of the adolescent brain development?
* The brain develop unevenly during adolescence
* Myelination and maturation occur in sequence
* Proceeding from the inner brain to the cortex
* From back to front
28
What parts and their functions of the adolescent brain are mature?
* The limbic system is mature during adolescents
* Limbic system includes the amygdala
* The site of intense fee and excitement
29
What are changes in the adolescent body in terms of the lymph system?
* The lymphoid system (including the tonsils and adenoids) gets smaller
* Making teenagers less susceptible to respiratory ailments
30
What parts and their function of the adolescent brain is still maturing?
* The prefrontal cortex is still limited in conncetions and enlargement
* The prefrontal cortex responsible for:
* planning
* emotional regulation
* impulse control
31
What are some _cautions_ of the developing adolescent brain?
* Adolescents are quick to react
* Compared to adult brains, adolescent brains show heightened arousal in the brain's reward centers
* Teens are more prone to take dramatic risks for peer admiration
* Many teens are driven by excitement of new experiences, sensations, and peer
* Forgetting the cautions that their parents tried to instill
32
What are some _benefits_ of the developing adolescent brain?
* Increased myelination and slower inhibition means:
* Reactions become faster (great for athletics)
* The brain's reward areas activate positve neurotransitters
* Teenagers become happier
* Heightens emotions associated with a new love, a first job, a college acceptance, etc.
* Synaptic growth enhances moral development
* Teens question their elders
* Teens forge their own standards
33
What are _primary sex characteristics?_
* Primary sex characteristics are the parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction, including:
* Vagina
* Uterus
* Ovaries
* Testes
* Penis
* By the end of puberty the process of reproduction is possible
34
What are _secondary sex characteristics?_
* Secondary sex characteristics are the physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity
* Ex: Man's broad chest, facial hair (beard), deep voice
* Ex: Women's breasts, hourglass shape
35
How do adolescents think?
* The brain heightens self consciousness resulting in _adolescent egocentrism to abstract logic_
* Adolescents are more anxious than people at any other age regarding soical approval
36
What is _adolescent egocentrism?_
* Adolescent egocentrism- a characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads young people (ages 10 to 13) to _focus on themselves to the exclusion of others_
* __Adolescents regards themselves are much _more unique, special, and admired or disliked than they actually are_
37
What are the three components of egocentrism?
1. Imaginary audience
2. Personal fables
3. Invincibility fables
38
Define _imaginary audience_
* Imaginary audience is a component of egocentrism
* The adolescent believes that they are the center of attention, with all eyes on them, and they imagine how others might reach to their appearance and behavior
* This belief makes many teenagers self conscious
39
Define _personal fable_
* Personal fable is a component of egocentrism
* An aspect of adolescent egocentrism characterized by an adolescent's belief that his or her thoughts, feelings, and experiences are more unique, more wonderful, or more awful than anyone else's
40
Define _invincibility fable_
* An adolescent's egocentric conviction that he or she cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal moral, such as:
* Unprotected sex
* Drugs
* High speed driving
41
# Define Piaget's Cognitive Stage"
**Formal Operational Thought**
* Piaget's fourth and final stage of cognitive development
* _Formal operational thought_ is characterized by more _systematic logical thinking_ and by the ability to understand and systematically manipulate _abstract concepts_
42
43
According to Piaget adolescents move past _________ thinking and consider \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_,
* Concrete operational thought
* Abstractions
44
Piaget considers _abstractions_ to include:
* Assumptions that have no necessary relation to reality
45
Define _hypothetical thought_
* Hypothetical thought is reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality
* Ex:
* If all mammals can walk,
* An whales are mammals,
* Can whales walk?
46
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ thought is the capacity to think of possiblity, not just reality.
Formal operational
47
What is _deductive reasoning?_
* Deductive reasoning:
* Reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle
* Through logical steps
* In order to figure out (deduce) specifics
* Obtaining a general principle through application, example, hypoethetical case, extension, and test case
48
Obtaining a general principle through application, example, hypoethetical case, extension, and test case is what type of reasoning?
Deductive reasoning
49
Consists of observations, past experiences, and ideas from authority to lead to a general conclusion is what type of reasoning?
Inductive reasoning
50
Define _inductive reasoning_
* Inductive reasoning
* Reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts
* To reach (induce) a general conclusion
51
What is _intuitive thought_?
* Intuitive thought
* At thought that arises from an emotion or hunch
* Beyond rational explanation
* Is influenced by past experiences and cultural assumptions
52
What is the type of thought at arises from an emotion or hunch and is influenced by past experiences and cultural assumptions?
Intuitive thought
53
Define _analytic thought_
* Analytic thought
* Thought that results from analysis
* Such as systematic ranking of pros and cons, risks and consequences, possibilities and facts
* Analytic thought depends on logic and rationality
54
What type of thought depends on logic and rationality and results from analysis?
Analytic thought
55
What is analysis?
* A systematic ranking of:
* Pros and cons
* Risks and consequences
* Possibilities and facts
56
What type of thought are adolescents using more of?
* Intuitive thoughts
57
Define Freud's _Genital stage_
* Freud's stage of adolescences in which:
* The genitals are the focus of pleasurable sensations, and the young person seeks sexual stimulation and satisfaction in heterosexual relationships
* Freud believed at the genital stage lasts throught adulthood
* Also said that the goal of a healthy life is _"to love and to work"_
58
Define Erikson's _Identity vs. Role Confusion_
* _Identity vs. Role Confusion_
* __Erikson's term for the fifth stage of development
* In which the person _tries to figure out "Who am I" but is confused_ to which of many possible roles to adopt
59
Define Erikson's _identity achievement_
* _Identity achievement_
* __Erikson's term for the _attainment of identity_ or the point at which a person understands who he or she is a unique individual, in accord with past experiences and future plans
60
What are Marcia's four ways to cope with identity crisis?
1. Role confusion
2. Foreclosure & negative identity
3. Moratorium
4. Identity achievement
61
What is _role confusion_ in terms to Marcia's identity crisis coping?
* _Role confusion_
* __A situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care what his or her identity is
* Sometimes called *identity or role diffusion*
* Emphasizes that some adolescents seem _diffuse, unfocused, or unconcerned about their future_
62
What is _foreclosure_ in terms to Marcia's identity crisis coping?
* _Foreclosure_
* __Erikson's terms for _premature identity formation_
* __Which occurs when an _adolescent adopts parents' or society's roles and values wholesale_
* Without questioning or analysis
63
What is _negative identity_ in terms to Marcia's identity crisis coping?
* _Negative identity_
* __The direct opposite of whatever their parents want
* Without thoughtful questioning
* _Oppositional foreclosure_
64
What is _moratorium_ in terms to Marcia's identity crisis coping?
* _Moratorium_
* __An adolescent's choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity-achievement decisions
* Good example of moratorium is _going to college_
65
What are the arenas of identity achievment?
* Religious/ Spiritual Identity
* Political Identity
* Vocational Identity
* Sexual/ Gender Identity
* Ethnic/ Racial Identity
66
Define _gender identity_
* Gender identity is a person's acceptance of the roles and behaviors that society associates with the biological categories of males and females
67
What is the _typical relationship_ like between _parent and teenager?_
* Relationships are _pivotal (not always peaceful)_
68
Why the relationship between parents and teenagers pivotal?
* Disputes are common because the adolescent's drive for independence clashing with the parents' desire to maintain control
69
Which _style of parenting_ is more effective with teenagers?
Authoritative parenting
70
What does authoritative parenting entail?
* Authoritative parenting
* Set limits but are flexible
* Encourage maturity
* Usually listen and forgive (not punish) if the child falls short
* Consider themselves _guides_
* not authorities (authoritarian parents)
* not friends (permissive parents)
71
What are the benefits of parent-child _communication and encouragment?_
* Children grow up to be adults who are:
* Successful
* Articulate
* Happy with themselves
* Generous with others
* These children are usually liked by teachers and peers
72
What are the four aspects of _family closeness?_
1. Communication
1. Do family members talk openly with one another?
2. Support
1. Do they rely on one another?
3. Connectedness
1. How emotionally close are they?
4. Control
1. Do parents encourage or limit adolescent autonomy?
73
Which of the four aspects of family closeness are most helpful?
* Communication
* Support
74
What is _parental monitoring?_
* _Parental monitoring_
* __Parents' ongoing awareness of what their children are doing, where, and with whom
75
What are the benefits of parental monitoring?
* When parental knowledge is the result of a warm, supportive relationship adolescents are likely to become confident, well educated adults, who avoid drugs and risky sex
76
Who can be _adult mentors?_
* Other relative and non-relatives
77
What role can _adult mentors_ play in an adolescent's life?
* Help the adolescent through their identity crisis
* Clergy can affect a young person's faith
* Political leaders can mold values
* School counselors can influence vocational aspirations
* Adults in satisfying sexual relationships can be role models
78
What are some benefits of peers?
Many adolescents rely on friends of both sexes to help them with concerns and trouble of the teen years
* Peers to help navigate the physical changes of puberty
* Help with the intellecutal challenges of high school
* Help wth the social changes of leaving childhood
79
What are some risks associated with peers?
* Drug use
* Breaking the law
* Unprotected, risky sex
* Risky activities
80
What age are adolescents suspectible to peer pressure?
Age 14
81
What is peer pressure?
* _Peer Pressure_
* __Encouragement to conform to one's friends or contemporaries in behavior, dress, and attitude
* Usually considered a negative force
* As when adolescent peers encourage one another to defy adult authority
82
How do teenagers choose friends?
* Teenagers select friends whose values and interests they share, and abandoning former friends who follow other paths
83
How can social networking be helpful for teens?
* Serves as a lifeline for teenagers who are isolated because of their sexual orientation, culture, religion, or native language
* Online resources are available for teens struggling with depression, addition, etc.
84
How can social networking be hurtful to teens?
* Addiction to the internet
* Cyberbullying
* Sexting
85
How do teenagers learn about sex education?
* Media (TV, movies, Internet)
* Educators (high school)
* Parents
* Peers
Note: the media and peers is the most common sources for teens to get sex information, even if its not accurate
