adrenal medulla

Question 1

what is the adrenal medulla derived from?

Answer 1

neural crest cells

Question 2

what types of cells are present?

Answer 2

pheochromocytes, nerves, ganglion cells, supporting cells

Question 3

how are the pheochromocytes arranged?

Answer 3

tight clusters and short cords invested by capillaries

Question 4

what do the cells secrete?

Answer 4

catecholamines

Question 5

what genetic markers are there for adrenal medulla hyperplasia?

Answer 5

MEN type II and type II B

Question 6

PCT clin features?

Answer 6

HTN, Tachycardia, h/s/tremors; brought on by pain

Question 7

diagnosis of PCT?

Answer 7

elevated urinary catecholamines, and metabolites (vanillylmandelic acid, metanephrins)

Question 8

treatment of PCT

Answer 8

surgery and adrenergic blockers

Question 9

PCT rule of ten

Answer 9

10% familial (MEN and NFM)
10% extradrenal (carotid body or other neural crest cells)
10% bilateral
10% malignant

Question 10

PCT histo

Answer 10

balls of cells, zellballen; atypia in the cells

Question 11

neuroblastoma

Answer 11

infancy; neuronal precursors, small blue cells, amplified N-myc; ganglioneuroblastoma if ganglion cells present; ganglioneuroma if no neuroblastoma cells present (Schwann, & ganglion)