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Endo:Adrenal Galnd > Adrenal Steroids: Adrenal Cortex > Flashcards

Adrenal Steroids: Adrenal Cortex Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Adrenal Steroids:

A
  1. Glucocorticoids
  2. Mineralocorticoids
  3. Androgens
  4. Estrogen
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2
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

cortisol, corticosterone

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3
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

aldosterone

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4
Q

Androgens

A

dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione

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5
Q

Estrogen

A

estradiol-17B

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6
Q

Adrenal Steroid (Biosynthesis):
1. __________ is transported to adrenal cortical cells by LDL, forming LDL-receptor complexes

A

Cholesterol (from diet / de novo synthesis)

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7
Q

Adrenal Steroid (Biosynthesis):
2. Cholesterol is transported intracellularly for________ or is esterified to form

A

steroidogenesis (in mitochondria);
lipid droplets

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8
Q

Adrenal Steroid (Biosynthesis):
3. Final steroid products diffuse from the corticocyte into the circulation

A

true

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9
Q

Steroids are polar and water-insoluble, and irreversibly bound to plasma proteins

A

false:
nonpolar,
water insoluble,
reversibly bound to plasma proteins

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10
Q

Plasma proteins:
GCCs and MCCs

A

Transcortin

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11
Q

Plasma proteins:
Progestagens

A

albumin

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12
Q

Plasma proteins:
androgens and estrogens

A

sex hormone-binding globulin

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13
Q

All plasma proteins used are produced by the _____, and diseases affecting
________ lead to altered blood steroid levels in animals

A

liver;
liver function

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14
Q

Only __________forms of the hormones are able to cross the cellular membrane of cells to produce the desired effect

A

free and unbound

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15
Q

cortisol half life

A

<2 h

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16
Q

Most of steroids are degraded by the liver, and to a lesser extent, the kidneys

A

true

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17
Q

Steroids undergo _______, ________, and ________before conjugation with
glucuronic acid and sulphate, and eventual excretion by the kidneys (75%) or SI as incorporated in bile (25%)

A

reduction, oxidation, hydroxylation

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18
Q

MOA:
1. ____and ____enter cells via diffusion and bind to intracytoplasmic receptors

A

GCCs and MCCs

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19
Q

MOA:
2. _______ induce a conformational change and form ______ with other
complexes in the nucleus, where they bindto specific sites in the _____to ________

A

Bound receptors induce a conformational change and form dimers with other
complexes in the nucleus, where they bind to specific sites in the DNA to direct gene transcription

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20
Q

MOA:
3. ______ and ______ lead to
creation of hormone-induced protein to elicit steroid-specific functions in the target cell

A

Transcription and synthesis of mRNA lead to creation of hormone-induced protein to elicit steroid-specific functions in the target cell

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21
Q

Glucocorticoids:
Cortisol predominates in

A

humans,
horses,
pigs,
sheep,
dog,
cat

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22
Q

Glucocorticoids:
Corticosterone predominates in

Study These Flashcards
A

rabbit,
mouse,
rat

23
Q

Glucocorticoids:
major hormone on newborn calves

24
Q

Glucocorticoids:
does not appear until
10 days after birth

Study These Flashcards
A

Corticosterone

25
Glucocorticoids: Adult cattle
produce equal amounts of the GCCs
26
Glucocorticoids: Regulation of secretion
Via negative feedback, which depends upon interaction of HPAA and associated hormones
27
Glucocorticoids: ACTH in adrenal cortex
Secretion of all three zones of the adrenal cortex is influenced by ACTH
28
Glucocorticoids: Immediate effects of ACTH
1. Increased blood flow to the adrenal cortex: Necessary for efficient delivery of oxygen, nutrients and hormones to the adrenal cortex, dispersion of adrenal hormones, and removal of waste products
29
Glucocorticoids: Rapid effects
Increased blood flow to AC, cortisol secretion begins
30
Glucocorticoids: Short-term effects
1. Increased production of LDL receptors 2. Increased production of steroidogenic enzymes
31
Glucocorticoids: Long -term effects of ACTH
1. Increase in nuclear size 2. Hypertrophy of corticocytes 3. Increase in concentration of cellular enzymes and other proteins
32
Glucocorticoids: Environmental effects
daily rhythms and stress
33
Glucocorticoids (Environmental effects): Biologic clock location
located in suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus controls rhythmic secretions of CRH, ACTH, and GCCs
34
Glucocorticoids (Environmental effects): Diurnal animals
have higher GCC levels several times within the earlier parts of the day
35
Glucocorticoids (Environmental effects): Nocturnal animals
(mice, rats) have higher GCC levels in the early hours of darkness
36
Glucocorticoids (Environmental effects): Stress, pathogens, toxins
stimulatory effects on Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) secretion Stress-induced CRH release results to 20-fold GCC increase, which may override negative feedback systems and disrupt the body clock
37
Glucocorticoids (Physiological effects): Carbohydrate metabolism
1. Stimulates glucuneogenesis 2. Enhances glucagon and epinephrine function on glucose availability (hyperglycemic) 3. Inhibits the effects of insulin on energy metabolism
38
Glucocorticoids (Physiological effects): Protein metabolism
1. Stimulates protein breakdown 2. Inhibit cellular uptake of amino acids 3. Increase proteolysis
39
Glucocorticoids (Physiological effects): Fat metabolism
1. Stimulates lipolysis 2. Inhibits fatty acid uptake 3. Enhances glucagon, epinephrine, and growth hormone action on fatty acid mobilization
40
Glucocorticoids (Physiological effects): Endocrine system
1. Antagonizes insulin effects on muscle, adipose tissue, and liver 2. Enhance the effects of glucagon and epinephrine 3. Hyperinsulinemic and hyperglycemic, which may lead to DM
41
Glucocorticoids (Physiological effects): Musculoskeletal system
1. Wasting and atrophy of muscles 2. Osteopenia by depressing osteoblastic activity 3. Antagonize the action of vitamin D on calcium absorption leading to PTH increase and osteoporosis
42
Glucocorticoids (Physiological effects): Skin and connective tissue
1. Modulates the proliferation and differentiation of fibroblasts needed for wound healing 2. Chronic excess leads to thinning of skin and subcutis due to decreased fibroblastic proliferation and collagen synthesis 3. Bilateral alopecia due to atrophy of hair follicles
43
Glucocorticoids (Physiological effects): Cardiovascular system
positive chronotropic and inotropic effect on cardiac output
44
Glucocorticoids (Physiological effects): Renal system
required for normal renal function and water metabolism
45
Glucocorticoids (Physiological effects): Hematopoietic and immune systems
1. Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppresive 2. Decrease in number of all blood components except neutrophils 3. Neutrophilia via entry to blood from BM and inhibition of leukocyte migration
46
Mineralocorticoids:
Aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone
47
Mineralocorticoids: Regulates _____ and_____ concentrations in ECF by increasing the renal uptake of ________and stimulating _______excretion in urine
Regulates Na and K concentrations in ECF by increasing the renal uptake of sodium and stimulating K excretion in urine
47
Mineralocorticoids: most potent MCC produced by the zone glomerulosa
Aldosterone
48
Mineralocorticoids: Stimuli for MCC activity are:
1. Change in electrolyte levels 2. Water balance (Water & electrolyte imbalance)
49
adrenal cortex: secreted by ZG
Ang-II-------Aldosterone
49
Mineralocorticoids: Regulation of MCC secretion
1. Renin-angiotensin system 2. Changes in ECF concentrations of Na and K
50
adrenal cortex: secreted by ZF
ACTH-----------Cortisol, Corticosterone
51
adrenal cortex: secreted by ZR
ACTH, LH, hCG----------DHEA, DHEA-S, Androstenedione
52
adrenal medulla: secretes
Preganglionic sympathetic neurons------Epinephrine, Norepinephrine

Endo:Adrenal Galnd (4 decks)

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