Adrenergic Farm

Question 1

____ has a concentration that is 35X higher in the cell than in the IF

Answer 1

K+

100X more permeable than sodium

Question 2

____ has a concentration that is 12X lower in the cell than the cytoplasm

Answer 2

Na+

Question 3

The cell has a much larger store of ____ _____ compared the IF

Answer 3

anionic protein

Question 4

Net efflux of K+ continues until ______ force leading K+ outside is balance by the ________ force bringing it back

Answer 4

chemical, electrical

Question 5

The channel for __ responds quicker to changes in voltage than the channel for __

Answer 5

Na+, K+

Question 6

These two systems are mainly responsible for maintaining homeostasis..

Answer 6

autonomic and endocrine system

Question 7

Preganglionic receptors..

Answer 7

nicotinic receptors

Question 8

Post ganglionic receptors..

Answer 8

adrenal medulla and sympathetic - adrenergic
Parasympathetic - muscarinic
Somatic - nicotinic

Question 9

Adrenergic transmission - end signal..

Answer 9

transmitter transported back into presynaptic terminus

Question 10

cholinergic transmission - end signal..

Answer 10

hydrolyzed in synapse

Question 11

biosynthesis of Endogenous adrenergic amines..

Answer 11

tyrosine, dopamine, norepi, and epi

Question 12

Most important adrenergic receptors in PNS..

Answer 12

Aplha1, Beta1, Beta2

Question 13

Alpha1 receptors on smooth muscle cells..

Answer 13

increase Ca++, increase activity of a myosin light chain kinase, increase myosin light chain phosphorylation and increase muscle contractility

Question 14

Alpha1 receptors are important for..

Answer 14

BP

Question 15

Alpha2 receptors are important for..

Answer 15

presynaptic termini

Question 16

Alpha2 receptors inhibit..

Answer 16

epi and norepi release (CNS and PNS)

Question 17

Beta2 receptors on smooth muscle..

Answer 17

increase PKA, phophorylate and inhibit myosin light chain kinase, diminish Ca++ levels and inhibit myosin light chain kinase —-> decrease muscle contractility

Question 18

Beta1 receptors on cardiac muscle cells..

Answer 18

activate PKA, activate L type Ca++ channels, increase Ca++ levels and increase muscle contractility

Question 19

This receptor dominates in the heart..

Answer 19

B1

Question 20

Epinephrine will activate… receptors.

Answer 20

Alpha, Beta1, and Beta2 receptors

Question 21

Norepi does not activate.. receptors.

Answer 21

B2

Question 22

Cardiac effects of epi and norepi are mainly generated via..

Answer 22

B1 effects

B2 effects contribute to epi activity

Question 23

Salivary Gland secretion moderated by..

Answer 23

mainly aplha1 and beta1 with some beta2; beta1 stimulates protein secretion

Question 24

Symptoms of anaphylaxis..

Answer 24

1) smooth muscle constriction
2) vasodilation
3) increased vascular permeabilty

Question 25

Epinephrine standard treatment of anaphylaxis. effects..

Answer 25

alpha receptors: increase BP Beta1 receptors: positive cardiac effects Beta2 receptors: broncodilation

Question 26

_______ is an alpha1 adrenergic agonist that is sometimes used as a vasoconstrictor in conjunction with a local anesthetic

Answer 26

levonordefrin

Question 27

adrenergic agonists used in conjunction with local anesthetics work to:

Answer 27

1) prolong duration of nerve block 2) diminish systemic toxicity of the anesthetic 3) minimize blood loss during surgical procedure

Question 28

Alpha2 agonists are thought to primarily work in..

Answer 28

central nervous system at presynaptic terminal

Question 29

____ receptor agonists are used primarily in the treatment of heart failure and cardiogenic shock

Answer 29

B1

Question 30

These drugs produce smooth muscle relaxation and primarily used to treat respiratory disease.. can also produce vasodilation in muscle and liver to produce relaxation of uterine tissue

Answer 30

B2 receptor agonists

Question 31

most serious side effect of adrenergic receptors..

Answer 31

cardiac disturbances: myocardial ischemia, heart attack, and arrhythmias

Question 32

CNS disturbances to alpha2 agonists..

Answer 32

dizziness, xerostomia, rebound hypertension if drugs withdrawn suddenly

Question 33

Conditions associated with increased sympathetic activity (e.g., phenochromocytoma) are treated with..

Answer 33

alpha1 adrenergic receptor antagonists

Question 34

drugs ending in "zosin"..

Answer 34

alpha1 antagonist

Question 35

anything used to lower BP may have this side effect..

Answer 35

orthostatic hypotension.

Question 36

Non-selective Alpha adrenergic antagonists..

Answer 36

block transmitter mediated feedback loop ex. phentolamine for intravenous infusion during surgery to control acute episodes of hypertension

Question 37

Phentolamine for dentists..

Answer 37

reverse soft tissue numbness

Question 38

Beta blockers are either _________ or ___ selective, because...

Answer 38

non-selective, B1 Blockade of B2 receptors is generally undesirable

Question 39

Beta blockers..

Answer 39

decrease heart rate and force of contraction

Question 40

Beta blockers without ISA..

Answer 40

decrease resting heart rate; plasma renin activity, and cardiac output

Question 41

Beta blockers with ISA..

Answer 41

do not depress cardiac fxn or plasma renin activity as well but do attentuate agonist driven increases

Question 42

beta blockers treat..

Answer 42

heart conditions, glaucoma, migraines, anxiety tremor

Question 43

lebetalol and carvedilol are..

Answer 43

both an alpha and beta receptor antagonist.

Question 44

Pt taking a non-selective B-blocker more at risk of __________ after receiving local anesthetic with a ___________

Answer 44

hypertensive episode, vasoconstrictor | doesn't get B2 mediated vasodilationto counteract alpha mediated vasoconstriction

Question 45

Clonidine causes..

Answer 45

xerostomia