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Adult Health Issues + Men's Health > Adult Health Issues > Flashcards

Adult Health Issues Flashcards

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1
Q

disease profile of australian adults

A

chronic disease

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2
Q

define multimorbidity & why is it common

A

having more than one chronic disease

common due to non-curative nature of chronic disease so accumualte overtime

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3
Q

chronic diseases (biological factors) are exacerbated by ___________ factors & why

A

psychosocial issues
- commonly increase among older population as they become less connected with society

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4
Q

most prevalent chronic conditions in australia (descending order)

A
  • mental and behavioural conditions
  • back problems
  • arthritis
  • asthma
  • diabetes
  • heart, stroke, vascular disease
  • osteoporosis
  • COPD
  • cancer
  • kidney disease
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5
Q

measure of burden of disease

A

disability adjusted life year = DALY

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6
Q

what makes up DALY

A

years lived with disability (YLD) ie/ morbidity + years of life lost (YLL) ie/ premature mortality

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7
Q

burden of disease due to risk factors - top 5 RF

A
  • tobacco use
  • overweight
  • dietary factors
  • high blood pressure
  • alcohol use
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8
Q

large proportion of burden of disease in australia are actually _____

A

preventable

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9
Q

covid-19 in australia 2022 was the ____ leading cause of death

this tended to affect which population

A

3rd-leading

elderly

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10
Q

obesity itself is a ____ ___ for multiple conditions such as:

A

risk factor

  • heart disease
  • OSA
  • high cholesterol
  • some cancers
  • diabetes
  • hypertension
  • stroke
  • osteoarthritis
  • liver disease (esp fatty liver)
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11
Q

obesity tends to increase as a society becomes more ______

A

developed

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12
Q

close to x/3rd of australian adults are obese

A

1/3rd

prevalence of obesity has steadily been increasing

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13
Q

is the burden of chronic diseases affecting the healthcare system

A

yes

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14
Q

a challenge affecting the healthcare system is cost or lack of _____ in australia

A

expenditure

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15
Q

cost of healthcare in australia has been steadily ______ both in terms of _____ care as well as cost per ____

A
  • increasing
  • absolute
  • person
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16
Q

what is the only way to deal with chronic disease and why

A
  • prevention
  • because it is incurable once onset
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17
Q

bulk of health care expenditure is devoted to ___________ _______ not curative healthcare

A

preventative healthcare

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18
Q

how many levels of prevention are there

A

3
primary, secondary, tertiary

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19
Q

primary prevention is aimed at preventing

A

intervention aimed at reducing risk of onset of disease
ie/ dealing with risk factors for that disease

eg/ for CHD - incr exercise, lowering bp, lipid lowering drugs

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20
Q

secondary prevention is aimed at preventing

A

interventions that reduce risk of disease progression
- very often this means recurrence of that disease

eg/ CHD - surgery coronary arteries,

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21
Q

tertiary prevention aimed at preventing

A

(rarely used)
interventions that prevent end terminal point of that disease pathway
ie/ mortality or further morbidity

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22
Q

whether an intervention is primary or secondary depends on what

Study These Flashcards
A

what reference disease actually is

23
Q

who put out the National Preventive Health Strategy
how long is it

Study These Flashcards
A
  • aus gov
  • 10yr strategy
  • macro level
24
Q

the focus areas of the National Preventive Health Strategy are to

Study These Flashcards
A
  • decr tobacco and nicotine use
  • improving access to healthy diet
  • improving access to physical activity
  • improving access to cancer screening and prevention
  • improving immunisation
  • decr alcohol and other drug harm
  • promoting and protecting mental health
25
the focus areas of Strategy align with what
major disease burden risk factors
26
2 common cancer screening strategies in australia
- bowel cancer screening - breast cancer screening
27
who receives bowel cancer screening and when
- eligible australians aged 50-74 - mailed free test done at home (FOBT) - every 2 years
28
bowel cancer screening program aims to
reduce deaths from bowel cancer by detecting early signs of disease
29
if bowel cancer is found early, more than __% of cases can be successfully treated
90%
30
people undergoing screening for bowel cancer criteria:
- don't currently have bowel cancer - are not high risk for bowel cancer (eg/ from previous condition like polyp, strong family history) ie/ the general population with average risk
31
who receives breast cancer screening and when
- women over 40yrs old - can have free mammogram - every 2 years - program actively invite 50-74yr olds
32
breast cancer screening program aims to
reduce illness and death from breast cancer (breast cancer morbidity and mortality) by detecting disease early
33
age group invited to have these screens have
higher likelihood of having this disease
34
people undergoing screening for breast cancer can have: (would be helpful for them)
- previous breast cancer - high risk (eg/ strong family history) as well as general population
35
[pitfalls of prevention] what is the prevention paradox
great benefit to the community, little average benefit to individuals
36
[pitfalls of prevention] in order for prevention to be effective, ___ need to undergo preventive intervention in order to prevent ill-health in a __
- many - few[
37
[pitfall of prevention] can be ____ and potentially have ____ ____ (be cautious of preventive strategies still)
- costly - adverse effects (eg/ radiation exposure from mammograms)
38
screening is distinct from _______
diagnosis - does not confirm presence of disease that has been screened
39
screening is applied to which individuals, otherwise it is not a screening strategy
asymptomatic, well
40
positive screening tests need subsequent ______ _____ provide a reason why
diagnostic confirmation there are potentially other causes for the positive screening result eg/ many conditions other than bowel cancer that can have bleeding from GI tract eg/ not all masses detected on mammogram are breast cancer
41
problems with screening hence need _____ ____
- false negatives (miss some cancers) - false positives (poss misdiagnose conditions) hence need subsequent diagnostic confirmation
42
likely subsequent diagnostic methods following bowel cancer screening and breast cancer screening
bowel cancer: FOBT -> colonoscopy breast cancer: mammography -> biopsy of detected mass
43
false positives can be problematic because
- patient has to go unnecessary diagnostic testing - that may be physically or emotionally traumatic
44
possibility that screening may not lead to ____ ___ provide example
overall benefit screening may pick up on slow growing cancers subsequent management of these cancers may not have changed their prognosis overall had they not be screened - eg/ cancer detected later on in natural course - eg/ cancer may not have needed to be treated because so slow growing
45
clinical preventive interventions aim at preventing ___-___ disease, not curing ____ ___
- end-stage - risk factor (generally not curable)
46
what is an example of a preventative intervention that has inherent adverse effects and can be costly particularly as they can be in use for a long time
medications
47
[compression of morbidity graph] goals of care at a macro level (should be this)
increase health span - less morbidity not necessarily to increase lifespan (may be lifespan to some extent - delay death)
48
[compression of morbidity graph] goal is to have what shape
- square - someone lives in very good health until they die; with minimal or no time having morbidity before death - time spent in good health may or may not be longer
49
[compression of morbidity graph] prioritising ____ over trying to increase _____ ie/ ? > ? which most patients prefer
- morbidity - lifespan ie/ quality of life > quantity of life
50
value-based healthcare equation
value = health outcomes that matter to patients / costs of delivering the outcomes
51
value-based healthcare is a ____ model
funding
52
value-based healthcare talks about reimbursing providers of health services only if.....
they achieve good outcomes - as defined by the patient (not by clinicians) consumer first rather than provider
53
current funding model in australia is 'fee for service' which says that hence it does not incentivise ____
if we deliver a particular service we get reimbursed for it, regardless of outcome of that service - outcomes

Adult Health Issues + Men's Health (4 decks)

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