Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis

Question 1

Define adult neurogenesis (postnatal)

Answer 1

process in which neurons are generated from neural stem cells in the adult. This process differs from prenatal development.

Question 2

what can NSCs form

Answer 2

oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
neurons

Question 3

where is adult neurogenesis limited to

Answer 3

subventricular zone (SVZ) in the lateral ventricle
subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus

Question 4

steps of NP proliferation

Answer 4

NPs proliferate and migrate from the granule cell layer
NPs differentiate
NPs receive inputs from the entorhinal cortex
project to CA3

Question 5

what is NeuN

Answer 5

neuronal marker

Question 6

what is CAG GFP

Answer 6

retrovirus labelling

Question 7

Type 1 cells

Answer 7

quiescent radial NSCs GFAP+ SOX2+ coexist with type 2 cells

Question 8

Type 2 cells

Answer 8

actively proliferating, GFAP- Sox2+ nonradial (rounded) that generate both astrocytes and neuroblasts

Question 9

neuroblasts

Answer 9

migrate into the granule cell layer and mature into neurons

Question 10

what is sox2

Answer 10

TF essential for maintaining self renewal

Question 11

how to measure neurogenesis

Answer 11

carbon dating 14C

Question 12

adult neurogenesis in rodents

Answer 12

70% of bulbar neurons are replaced during a 6 week period

Question 13

adult neurogenesis in humans

Answer 13

700 new neurons in the hippocampus everyday

Question 14

non neurogenic region NSCs (SC)

Answer 14

transplant in DG/SVZ - neurons
transplant in SC - no neurons

Question 15

neurogenic region DG/SVZ NSCs

Answer 15

transplant in DG/SVZ - neurons
transplant in SC - no neurons

Question 16

NP microenvironment

Answer 16

astrocytes (push NPs to become neurons)
endothelial cells
blood vessels (highly vascularised/blood vessels converge)

Question 17

what is laminin required for

Answer 17

cell adhesion

Question 18

role of neonatal astrocytes

Answer 18

form the largest neuronal culture

Question 19

which growth factors are required for NSC proliferation

Answer 19

FGF-2
CCG
EGF

Question 20

what is BrdU

Answer 20

NSC marker

Question 21

what signalling is required for control of neurogenesis regulation

Answer 21

wnt signalling

Question 22

where is wnt expressed

Answer 22

granule cell layer
wnt expression causes more neuronal and neuroblast expression via DAPI and DCX markers respectively

Question 23

what occurs in DN wnt signalling

Answer 23

drop in newborn neurons

Question 24

role of adult neurogenesis in learning and memory

Answer 24

-increases spatial memory capacity (MWM)
-reduce interference between memories (pattern separation)
-add information about time to new memories
-disturb established context (too much neurogenesis)

Question 25

what is pattern separation

Answer 25

ability to distinguish between certain memories

Question 26

what can too much neurogenesis cause

Answer 26

infantile amnesia

Question 27

depression and adult hippocampal neurogenesis

Answer 27

treatment can promote adult hippocampal neurogenesis antidepressant Prozac (SSRI)

Question 28

neurodegenerative disorders

Answer 28

AD/PD mood and cognition

Question 29

how does AD affect neurogenesis

Answer 29

AHN affected neuronal loss amyloid deposition inflammation

Question 30

factors which increase neurogenesis

Answer 30

learning sexual intercourse exercise running

Question 31

factors which decrease neurogenesis

Answer 31

chronic stress chronic sleep deprivation ageing causes pattern separation

Question 32

ageing assay | Villeda et al., 2011

Answer 32

young-young (isochronic) young-old (heterochronic) old-old (isochronic) fuse mice circulatory system, attach for 3 months then detach inject plasma - old mice plasma in young mice cause decreased neurogenesis

Question 33

factors in diet

Answer 33

food texture food content meal frequency calorie restriction

Question 34

dietary factors which increase neurogenesis

Answer 34

calorie restriction (intermittant fasting then feeding) omega 3 fatty acids flavonoids coffee

Question 35

dietary factors which decrease neurogenesis

Answer 35

soft diet (texture) caffeine ethanol