Adult Sexual Assault

Question 1

Problems with convictions as a measure of extent of sexual assault

Answer 1

Only 5% convicted

Question 2

How many women are raped every year in UK (BCS, 2001)?

Answer 2

47,000

Question 3

Percentage of women that have been raped since age 16 (BCS, 2001)?

Answer 3

5%

Question 4

Percentage of girls who have friends whose bfs pressured them into sex (EVAW, 2006)?

Answer 4

47%

Question 5

1 in 4 women experience sexual violence with their _____ (WHO, 2002)?

Answer 5

Partner

Question 6

Parkhill and Abbey (2008) created which victimisation survey?

Answer 6

Sexual experiences survey

Question 7

Who were the SES participants?

Answer 7

358 US male undergrads

Question 8

What did the SES find?

Answer 8

58% men reported sex without consent of women and 52% while drunk

Question 9

What were the SES items?

Answer 9

Sex play, using position of power

Question 10

People at highest risk of sexual assault are:

Answer 10

Women 16-24, single, black, individualistic culture, alcohol involved

Question 11

Offender characteristics

Answer 11

16-30, low SES, 50% married, 60% one child

Question 12

Cowburn et al (2008) sex offenders in Uk prison:

Answer 12

8,106 in uk prison- 82% White; 55% over 40

Question 13

According to AIUK (2007), % of victims that know the suspect?

Answer 13

85%

Question 14

Typical sex offence characteristics in UK

Answer 14

55% in homes, May-November, Saturday, 8pm-2am

Question 15

Groth et al (1977) rapist characteristics

Answer 15

Power assurance, power assertive, anger-relataliatory, anger-excitement

Question 16

What is a power-assured rapist?

Answer 16

Dealing with insecurity over masculinity- COMMON

Question 17

What is a power assertive rapist?

Answer 17

Expression of power over women, confident

Question 18

What is an anger-retaliatory rapist?

Answer 18

High anger towards women; 40%

Question 19

What is an anger-excited rapist?

Answer 19

Pleasure and sexual excitement from distressing victim; LEAST common (5%)

Question 20

Rape motivations (Scully and Marlorra, 1985) according to 114 rapists:

Answer 20

Revenge and punishment, added bonus, date rape, impersonal sex and power, adventure

Question 21

Scully and Marolla (1985) rape motivation results

Answer 21

86% guilty, 1% concerned for victim

Question 22

The Massacheucetts Treatment Centre for Rape classification system

Answer 22

Opportunism, pervasive anger, sadistic sexuality, vindictiveness

Question 23

Rape characteristics benefits

Answer 23

Good for profiling, to know the level of threat of suspect

Question 24

Rape characteristics limitations

Answer 24

No comparisons between rapists and non-rapists, specific- can’t generalise to all rapists, change in public beliefs e.g. Feminist approach

Question 25

The integrated approach to sexual assault was proposed by:

Answer 25

Marshall and Barbaree (1990)

Question 26

Three factors of the integrated approach

Answer 26

1. Influx of androgens e.g testosterone at adolescence 2. Learn to distinguish aggression and sexual impulses 3. Control aggressive impulses during sex

Question 27

Developmental vulnerability (integrated approach)- vulnerability, adolescence and rejection

Answer 27

Role of attachment: (abuse = insecure attachment which has long term consequences- low self esteem, low self-efficacy) Witnessing domestic violence- catch misogyny and avoid intimate relationships

Question 28

5 causal factors of developmental experiences in the integrated approach:

Answer 28

Developmental vulnerability, Challenge of adolescence, rejection, situational factors

Question 29

Situations factors in the integrated approach:

Answer 29

Disinhibitors, opportunity and circumstances

Question 30

Positives of the integrated theory (Ward et al 2006)

Answer 30

Good focus on developmental processes and attachment

Question 31

Clinical utility of integrated approach

Answer 31

Focus on developmental factors useful for assessment; reminder for clinicians to include cultural factors

Question 32

Criticism of the integrated approach (Ward et al, 2006)

Answer 32

Mistake to explain all types of sexual offending with one theory (Ward et al, 2006) Doesn't explain the onset of late offending (Abel et al, 1985) Ignores role of social factors e.g. Gender inequality, availability of porn

Question 33

Evolutionary perspective was developed by

Answer 33

Thornhill and Palmer (2000)

Question 34

Evolutionary perspective proposition

Answer 34

Men are all potential rapists Hard wired in male brain Rape is a reproductive act, an outcome of natural selection Men have added ability to calculate cost benefit before raping

Question 35

5 Limitations of evolutionary approach

Answer 35

1. Based on uncritical analogies of scorpion flies and human CRIME of rape 2. Doesn't explain male on male rape 3. Can't explain offences against elderly 4. Domestic violence- excluded 5. Difficulty explaining fatal violence in some rapes

Question 36

Feminist perspective prior views (Edwards, 1987)

Answer 36

Rape because of patriarchy

Question 37

Current feminist approach

Answer 37

Male dominance can be maintained without direct force or violence- need to look beyond personality traits and at rape myths

Question 38

Amnesty international (2005) victims:

Answer 38

36% victims believe rape was their fault

Question 39

Who expanded the SES?

Answer 39

Abbey et al (2005)

Question 40

What did the expanded SES include?

Answer 40

Advantage over intoxication, replaced position of authority with telling lies, making promises and guilt/displeasure/anger

Question 41

What did expanded SES study (Abbey et al 2008) hypothesise?

Answer 41

Asking about strategy would enhance recall for VICTIMS and asking about type of sex would enhance recall for PERPETRATORS

Question 42

What did expanded SES study (Abbey et al 2008) find?

Answer 42

69% men- tactics first- reported at least 1 perpetration experience compared to 36% type of sex

Question 43

Lea and Auburn (2001) Nathan rapist characteristics:

Answer 43

Believed rape myths, dominant, misinterpreted questions of women as consent

Question 44

Implications for treatment of rape crime:

Answer 44

Distinguish between rape and sex; don't pathologize offenders and don't ignore gender powered relations

Question 45

Prevention for sexual offences advice by Parkhill and Abbey (2008):

Answer 45

Non-threatening and target young men (specifically who start to engage in crimes since they are at high risk of sexual violence)

Question 46

Problems with official reports of sexual assault

Answer 46

2/3rds are false