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Module 21: Ruminant Production > Adult Sheep Lameness > Flashcards

Adult Sheep Lameness Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

what are contagious causes of lameness in sheep

A

Interdigital dermatitis (scald)

Footrot

Contagious ovine digital dermatitis (CODD)

Strawberry footrot

Maedi Visna

Septic arthritis (joint ill)

Foot and mouth disease

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2
Q

what are non contagious causes of lameness

A

Shelly hoof

White line disease

Abscess

Interdigital fibroma

Trauma

  • Joints, bones, muscle, nerves

Septic arthritis

White muscle disease

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3
Q

what causes scald/footrot

A

Mild: Fusobacterium necrophorum

Severe: Dichelobacter nodosus

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4
Q

what is interdigital dermatitis (scald)

A

Inflammation of skin between digits

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5
Q

what are the clinical signs of interdigital dermatitis

A

Very painful

Moist

Hairless

White or pink

Ulcerated

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6
Q

what are predisposing factors to interdigital dermatitis

A

Damage to interdigital skin

Continual wet conditions

Thistles, coarse/long grass

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7
Q

how is interdigital dermatitis treated in lambs

A

Individuals: antibiotic spray

Group outbreaks: foot-bath fortnightly, clean field

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8
Q

how is interdigital dermtatits treated in adults

A

Antibiotic injection and spray

Outbreaks: foot-bath and move to clean pasture

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9
Q

what causes footrot

A

Dichelobacter nodosus +/- Fusobacterium necrophorum

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10
Q

where does footrot start in the foot

A

in the interdigital space and then under runs wall and sole horn

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11
Q

what are the clinical signs of footrot

A

Black, crumbling, moist debris

Pungent, distinctive smell

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12
Q

where does dichelobacter nodosus survive

A

In damp conditions

In the environment for 10-14 days (?)

In hoof trimmings for 6 weeks

In feet of chronic carriers

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13
Q

what are predisposing factors to footrot

A

Wet conditions

Warm

High stocking density

Genetic predisposition

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14
Q

how is footrot treated

A

Antibiotic injection (lasting minimum of 3 days)

Antibiotic spray

Isolate

Delayed treatment = delayed recovery

Foot trimming = delayed recover

Detrimental

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15
Q

how is footrot prevented

A

Cull

Vaccinate

Quarantine

Avoid

Treat

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16
Q

how do you reduce the challenge for footrot

A

Quarantine

Avoid spread at gatherings

avoid spread at high traffic areas

early treatment

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17
Q

how should sheep be quarantined to reduce footrot challenge

A
  • Reduce imported strains (and CODD)
  • Minimum 30 days
  • Examine feet (start and end)
  • Reject or treat
    • Active lesions
    • Chronically thickened digits
  • Footbath (start and end)
  • Vaccinate?
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18
Q

how is footrot spread avoided at gatherings

A

Avoid unnecessary gatherings

Reduce time gathered

Hard, well drained surface without loose stones

Clean and disinfect between groups

Mobile facilities move between groups/gathers

Lime on standing surface

Footbath after gathering

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19
Q

how is footrot spread reduced at high traffic areas

A

Water troughs, feed faces, gateways

Well drained surroundings

Move feeding spots frequently

Spread lime in gateways

Isolate lame sheep, especially at housing

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20
Q

how is early treatment for footrot used to reduce the challenge

A
  • Correct treatment for lesion!
  • Ideally within 3 days
    • Reduces pasture contamination
    • Increased probability of recovery
  • If not recovered with 14 days re-assess the diagnosis
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21
Q

how can you increase resilience to footrot in a herd

A

culling

vaccination

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22
Q

how should you cull for footrot

A

Mark and record lame sheep

Cull if 2 bouts within 12 months

Cull if chronically lame

  • Reduce contamination from chronic shedders
  • Build immune flock — especially rams!
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23
Q

how are sheep vaccinated against footrot

A

Covers 10 common strains

Irritant

  • Care with location
  • Care with timing

Whole flock, including rams

Treatment or prevention

Moxidectin 1% injection (cydectin or zermex)

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24
Q

what agent causes contagious ovine digital dermatitis

A

Treponemes thought to be involved

Similar to DD in cattle

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25
what does contagious ovine digital dermatitis result in
deformed digit club digit very painful
26
what are the clinical signs of contagious ovine digital dermatitis
Starts at coronary band — often red and inflamed Lose horn capsule Capsule re-grows
27
how is contagious ovine digital dermatitis treated
Amoxicillin, long acting and may need repeating Macrolides — second line Anti-inflammatories Oxytetracycline may be less effective
28
how is contagious ovine digital dermatitis prevented
Quarantine — avoid buying in Isolate cases Footbath after gathering Note: antibiotic footbaths are not responsible use! Footrot vaccination can reduce
29
what lesion is shown here
inter digital dermatitis
30
what lesion is shown here
footrot
31
what lesion is shown here
contagious ovine digital dermatitis
32
summarize the common presentation and treatment for scald, footrot and CODD in lambs and ewes
33
what is the causative agent of strawberry foot aka proliferative dermatitis
Dermatophilus congolensis Orf
34
what are the risk factors for proiferative dermatitis (strawberry foot)
Damp conditions Damage to skin from thistles etc
35
how is proiferative dermatitis (strawberry foot) treated
diificult to treat symptomatic
36
what lesion is shown here
strawberry foot proliferative dermatitis
37
what causes shelly hoof
unknown etiology lameness due to impacted material
38
what lesion is this
shelly hoof
39
what are the causes of toe granulomas
granulation tissue trauma of capsule
40
what can cause trauma to the capsule and lead to toe granulomas
Over trimming Foreign bodies (ex. thorns) Secondary to infectious damage (ex. footrot)
41
what lesion is shown here
toe granuloma
42
how are toe granulomas treated
Dry conditions Anti-inflammatories Control secondary infections Cautery under IVRA
43
what are the causes of white line disease
Small defect Allows access for dirt and bacteria Abscess formation Often ruptures above coronary band
44
how are white line diseases treated
atment: Trimming to allow drainage Antibiotics and NSAIDs
45
what complications can occur with white line disease
can include joint and cause joint abscess
46
how are joint abscesses treated caused by white line disease
Digit amputation Joint flush
47
what lesion is shown here
white line disease
48
what are interdigital fibromas common in
rams esp
49
how are interdigital fibromas treated
can remove surgically/with cautery often regrow exercise may prevent
50
what are common etiological agents of joint ill
Streptococcus dysgalactiae (lambs) E. coli, trueperella pyogenes, mannheimia hemolytica, staphylococcus aureus, fusobacterium necrophorum Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
51
what are the clinical signs of joint hill
nfection/inflammation of one or more joints Swollen, hot, painful joints
52
what is the most common etiological agent of joint ill in lambs
Streptococcus dysgalactiae
53
at what age does Streptococcus dysgalactiae usually affect lambs
1-4 week old
54
what are sources of Streptococcus dysgalactiae infection in lambs
can survive in dry bedding occasionally in vagina of ewe
55
what are the most common joints for septic arthritis in lambs
carpus and hock atlanto-occipital joint also possible (tetra-paresis)
56
what is a potential sequealea to septic arthritis in older lambs
spinal abscesses
57
how is septic polyarthritis diagnosed
Joint aspirate and culture Post mortem culture
58
how is septic polyarthritis treated
NSAIDs or one-off steroid injection Penicillin, amoxicillin, florfenicol Long course, min 7 days ideally 10-14 days (difficult unless housed)
59
what are pre-disposing factors to septic polyarthritis
Lack of colostral protection Poor/unhygienic navel dipping? Ear tags/rings? Tick pyemia (tick borne fever and staph aureus) Plunge dipping Trauma
60
how is septic polyarthritis prevented
Good colostrum management Navel dipping * 10% iodine +/- spirit at birth and 4 hours later Keep dip solution fresh and clean Good lambing time hygiene Tick control
61
what is white muscle disease caused by
Selenium and/or vitamin E deficiency or pregnant ewes
62
what is the delayed form of white muscle disease
Sudden onset stiff gait or inability to walk Can be found dead or struggling to walk Triggered by stress Pale streaks in muscles Surviving lambs often ill thrifty
63
what are other non contagious causes of lameness
Osteoarthritis Degenerative joint disease Osteochondrosis discicans Balling of material between digits Horn fissures or cracks Mastitis (abnormal hindlimb gait)
64
what are products used for footbaths
Formalin 2-3% Zinc sulphate 10% (need to stand in for 15-30 mins) Copper sulphate (risk of toxicity)
65
how do you do a footbath properly
Sheep go in with clean feet Footbath is cleaned and solution replaced regularly On clean hard standing for an hour afterwards Put onto clean pasture afterwards
66
when is footbathing useful
Beginning and end of quarantine for new/returning livestock After gathering In outbreaks of scald
67
when should you do foot trimming
White line disease (although often too late) Shelly hoof To diagnose condition if can’t see Permanent indoor sheep
68
when should you not trim feet
Delays healing in footrot Can spread infection on shears Microfissures allow bacteria access Overtiming —\> granulomas
69
how should antibiotics be used to treat lameness
Responsible: * Use as little as possible * Use as much as necessary * Avoid blanket group treatments Timely, appropriate use can reduce the need for longer or repeat courses Animal welfare
70
what are the production impacts of lameness in adult sheep
Reduced BCS * Fertility (reduced ewe conception rates and rams serving ability) * Lamb birthweight and vigour * Milk production susceptibility to other diseases
71
what are the production impacts of lameness in lambs
reduced weight gain susceptibility to other diseases

Module 21: Ruminant Production (21 decks)

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