Adults

Question 1

summary

Answer 1

Alteration in health may be reversible with diet + lifestyle changes

Many risk factors modifiable

Many adults fail to meet current recommendations + guidelines

Question 2

Importance of nutrition

Answer 2

Period when chronic diseases begin to be expressed

Critical time for implementing preventative diet + lifestyle to reduce risk

Question 3

Scottish dietary goals

TOTAL FAT

Answer 3

Reduce to <35% total energy

Question 4

Scottish dietary goals

SAT FAT

Answer 4

Reduce to <11% total energy

Question 5

Scottish dietary goals

OILY FISH

Answer 5

At least 1 portion per week

Question 6

Scottish dietary goals

TOTAL CHO

Answer 6

Remain ~50%

Question 7

Scottish dietary goals

ENERGY INTAKE

Answer 7

Decrease by 12kcal/day

Question 8

Scottish dietary goals

ADDED SUGARS

Answer 8

Reduce to <5% total energy

Question 9

Scottish dietary goals

DIETARY FIBRE

Answer 9

Increase

30g/d

Question 10

Scottish dietary goals

F+V

Answer 10

Increase to 5 portions/day

400g total

Question 11

Scottish dietary goals

ALCOHOL

Answer 11

<5% total energy

Question 12

Scottish dietary goals

RED MEAT + SALT

Answer 12

Decrease intake
Salt = 6g/d
Red meat = 70g/d

Question 13

The health of UK pop

Increased prevalence

Answer 13

CVD
Cancers
Type 2 diabetes

Question 14

The health of UK pop

OTHER

Answer 14

Constipation
Osteoporosis
Dental caries

Question 15

The health of UK pop

GEOGRAPHICAL ISSUES

Answer 15

Inequalities

CHD death: North>south

Question 16

The health of UK pop

RISK FACTORS

Answer 16

Smoking
Increased blood pressure
Increased blood cholesterol 
Excessive alcohol
Obesity
Physical inactivity

Question 17

Carcinogenic diet

Answer 17

Low F+V
Low antioxidants
Low dietary fibre
Nitrosamines (charred foods)
Alcohol consumption
High picked/fermented foods
High meat intake - esp red or processed

Question 18

Metabolic syndrome

CLUSTER METABOLIC CONDITIONS

Answer 18

Abdominal obesity
High blood pressure
High TAGs
High insulin levels

Question 19

Metabolic syndrome

PREVELANCE

Answer 19

20% western population

Higher in overweight or obese

Question 20

Metabolic syndrome

AETIOLOGY

Answer 20

Potentially?
Central adiposity
Insulin resistance -> cells unable to respond insulin

Question 21

Metabolic syndrome

GENETICS + ENVIRONMENT

Answer 21

Family history

Lifestyle (decreased P.A)

Question 22

Metabolic syndrome

SCREENING + ASSESSMENT

Answer 22

Waist circumference
Fasting glucose
Blood pressure

Question 23

Metabolic syndrome

PHENOTYPIC SIGNS

Answer 23

Double chin
Cervical lipomatosis
Acanthosis nigricans

Question 24

Metabolic syndrome

MANAGEMENT

Answer 24

Exercise important tool
Manage risk symptoms
Achieve optimal lipid profile, normal b.p, increase insulin sensitivity

Question 25

Males | Issues...

Answer 25

Average = 76 years Infertility Prostate cancer

Question 26

Prostate cancer

Answer 26

``` Most common cancer in males Strong genetic link Diagnosis - blood tests, diagnosis Aetiology - dairy, Ca + fat implicated Part of EPIC study ```

Question 27

Infertility

Answer 27

Oxidative stress Obesity - endocrine dysfunction

Question 28

Women | Issues...

Answer 28

``` PMS Menopause Polycystic ovary syndrome Cystitis Female athlete triad ```

Question 29

Breast cancer

Answer 29

Men + women Prevented by maintaining healthy weight Increasing phytoestrogens can reduce rates (arguments for + against)

Question 30

Women smaller

Answer 30

Lower energy requirements but same/more micronutrients requirements

Question 31

PMS

Answer 31

Physical + psychological symptoms Hormone therapy Diet supplements - vit B6, evening primrose oil

Question 32

Menopause Symptoms... Post... Soya...

Answer 32

Average @ 51 years Symptoms - fatigue, night sweats Post - increased risk CVD + osteoporosis Soya - countries with high intake = low symptoms, isoflavones act like oestrogen, unsafe family history breast cancer

Question 33

Menopause | CONSIDERATIONS

Answer 33

``` Avoid overweight/obesity Increase F+V Increase calcium Healthy fats > sat fats 30 mins walking 5d/wk ```

Question 34

Polycystic ovary syndrome

Answer 34

Symptoms - weight gain, acne, irregular periods Insulin resistance - can develop type 2 diabetes Diet - CHO low GI Supplements Physical activity

Question 35

Cystitis

Answer 35

Inflammation of bladder Proanthocyanidins - in cranberries Avoid - caffeine, alcohol, grapefruit

Question 36

Female athlete triad

Answer 36

High activity + low energy diet => hormonal + metabolic shifts Metabolic changes -> decrease bone density -> increase risk stress fractures 3 major conditions -disordered eating, amenorrhoea, osteoporosis Amenorrhoea - when intake 30%