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Adv. Biology > Adv Bio Final > Flashcards

Adv Bio Final Flashcards

1
Q

dichotomous key

A

be able to read

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2
Q

what are the three domains that all creatures are divided among?

A

archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes

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3
Q

What is the difference between Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryotes

A

archaea: live in harsh conditions/environments
bacteria: live almost anywhere
eukaryotes: multicellular organisms

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4
Q

What are the four macromolecules and their monomers?

A

carbohydrates: monosaccarides
lipids: fatty acids
proteins: amino acids
nucleic acids: nucleotides

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5
Q

What are the 4 steps of protein folding and what happens during each step

A

primary: sequence of amino acids
secondary: polypeptide sequence coil
tertiary: polypeptide folds on itself becoming a functional protein
Quaternary: does not always happen… 2 or more functional proteins bind together to form new protein with a new function

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6
Q

are bacteria a part of the Plantae or Animalia or neither or both kingdoms?

A

neither

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7
Q

What are the categories of classification in order from least specific to most specific?

A

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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8
Q

Which kingdom is completely autotrophic?

A

plantae

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9
Q

Do all eukaryotic kingdoms have cell walls?

A

no

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10
Q

True or False: The Eukarya Domain is made up of mainly multicellular organisms

A

true

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11
Q

What are two types of cells? How do they differ from one another? Example of each

A

eukaryotic- nucleus and human cells
prokaryotic- no nucleus and bacteria

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12
Q

What type of cell is found in humans

A

Eukaryotic

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13
Q

Know some of your organelles including: Chloroplasts, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, ER, golgi apparatus, central vacuole

A

chloroplast: plants, does photosynthesis, makes sugars
nucleus: both contains DNA
mitochondria: both does cellular respiration to provide ATP
ribosomes: makes proteins
ER: makes materials for the cell
Golgi apparatus: both (UPS) packages modifies and ships stuff from the ER
central vacuole: plants involved in storage and maintaining internal water pressure

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14
Q

what types of cells have both mitochondria and chloroplast?

A

plants

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15
Q

What are organelles?

A

specialized structures that perform various jobs inside cells

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16
Q

compare and contrast passive transport and active transport. (diffusion, osmosis, sodium potassium pump)

A

passive: moves molecules down concentration gradient- no energy
osmosis- movement of water
diffusion- movement of molecules
active: moves molecules against the concentration gradient- needs energy
sodium potassium pump- pumps these molecules in/out of the cell ( Na=out and K=in)

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17
Q

what is tonicity? compare isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic
be able to work out these types of problems, figuring out if the cell swells, shrinks or stays the same

A

ability of surrounding solution to cause cell to gain or lose water
hypertonic: more molecules; more negative
hypotonic: less molecules; more positive
isotonic: equal amount of molecules; equal y
*water always moves to hypertonic item (more negative)

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18
Q

what are the three basic steps of cell signaling? Be bale to identify these on a diagram

A

reception, transduction, response

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19
Q

In cell signaling what are secondary messengers and a phosphorylation cascade?

A

secondary messengers: carries the message to the next step in cell signaling…cAMP
phosphorylation cascade: a sequence of signaling pathway events when one enzyme phosphorylates another, causing a chain reaction… amplify signal

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20
Q

what are the 4 steps of cellular respiration? what are the products of each

A

glycolysis, link, krebs, oxidative phosphorylation

21
Q

what are the end products of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP

22
Q

what are the products of links?

A

2 Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH

23
Q

what are the products of krebs?

A

2 FADH, 6 NADH, 2 ATP

24
Q

what are the products of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

30-32 ATP… this number varies based on a number of things

25
Q

the whole reason organisms perform cellular respiration is to make _____

A

ATP/energy

26
Q

There are two waste products of cellular respiration and they are ____ and ____

A

water and carbon dioxide

27
Q

this compound is needed to get cellular respiration STARTED

A

glucoses

28
Q

compare and contrast somatic cells and gametes. Number of chromosomes? Haploid/diploid?

A

somatic: body cells, diploid, 23 parts of chromosomes or ___ in humans
gametes: sex cells (sperm or egg), haploid, 23 chromosomes __

29
Q

what are the steps of mitosis? what types of cells are made?

A

steps: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase
cell: somatic

30
Q

steps: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase
cell: somatic

A

steps: prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1, prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2
cells: gametes
events: crossing over, homologous chromosomes lining up and separating

31
Q

homologous chromosomes vs sister chromatids. When are each divided out during both mitosis and meiosis?

A

homologous chromosomes: same size, location, and code for the same traits one comes from mom and one from dad
sister chromatids: half of a duplicated chromosome
meiosis: homologous separate during anaphase 1… sisters separate anaphase 2 and meiosis

32
Q

when does crossing over occur? Mitosis or meiosis? Which step specifically?

A

meiosis- prophase 1

33
Q

what are the 3 phases or steps of interphase?

A

G1- grow
S (synthesis)- copy DNA
G2- grow

34
Q

what is the monomer of DNA and what 3 components make it up? What part of this is considered the backbone of DNA and which part is considered the rungs?

A

nucleotide- phosphate, sugar, base
backbone- sugar and phosphate
rungs- bases (coding)

35
Q

what is the process of making a new DNA molecule called

A

replication

36
Q

what does it mean that the DNA is double helix

A

double stranded and twisted

37
Q

which molecule is responsible for the formation of proteins?

A

RNA

38
Q

DNA contains information to make _____

A

proteins

39
Q

what determines the function of a protein

A

structure, which is determined by the sequence of amino acids… structure determines function

40
Q

what are the base pairing rules

A

A=T and C=G

41
Q

Math problems for base pairing rules. For example, if you have 45% cytosine what percent Adenine?

A

5%

42
Q

what does central dogma state

A

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

43
Q

XX and XY determine what

A

gender
xx= girl
xy= boy

44
Q

leading strand v. lagging strand

A

leading: 5-3, starts with a phosphate, made continuously
lagging: 3-5, starts with a sugar, made in short fragments (Okazaki fragments)

45
Q

what does each one do? Primase, helicase, topoisomerase, DNA ligase, DNA Polymerase 3

A

Primase; lays primer to allow DNA polymerase 3 to bind to DNA
helicase: unzips the DNA to create single strands
topoisomerase: binds ahead of helicase to relieve strand by breaking and reforming covalent bonds in the backbone
DNA ligase: glues fragments on lagging strand together
DNA polymerase 3: builds new strand of DNA

46
Q

what is meant by antiparallel in relation to DNA

A

the 5 to 3 direction of one strand runs in opposite direction of the other 3 to 5

47
Q

what three scientists were responsible for the discovery of the structure of DNA

A

franklin, watson, and crick

48
Q

This nucleic model is a double helix

A

DNA

Adv. Biology (6 decks)

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