Advanced Anatomy Unit 1 Exam Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
Anatomy
A
study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
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Q
Cytology
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study of the cells of the body
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Q
Histology
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study of the tissues of the body
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Q
Developmental anatomy
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study of the structural changes which occur from conception to old age
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Embryology
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study of developmental changes during the first eight weeks of development
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Q
6 levels of organization
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chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
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Types of tissue
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epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue
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Abdominal regions
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right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac
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Q
Serous membranes
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covers organs and cavities of the trunk; composed of connective tissue and simple squamous epithelial tissue
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Plasma membrane
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forms outer cell boundary and separates the internal environment from the external
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Cytoplasm
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contains cytosol, cytoskeleton, inclusions, and organelles; site where most cell activity takes place
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Nucleus
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control center containing DNA
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Central dogma
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DNA transcripting to RNA, RNA transcribing to proteins
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Q
Plasma membrane lipids
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phospholipids and cholesterol
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Q
Marker molecules
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involved in cell to cell recognition (mostly glycoproteins or glycolipids)
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Q
Attachment proteins
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attach cells to other cells, extracellular molecules, or intracellular molecules
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Channel proteins
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involved with transportation of substances in and out of a cell
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Receptor proteins
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contain binding sites that bind to specific substances
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Carrier proteins
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move substances from one side of the PM to the other
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Cytosol
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fluid portion of the cytoplasm
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Cytoskeleton
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provides support and structure and is involved in the movement of cellular structures
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Ribosomes
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sites of protein synthesis, there are both fixed and free ribosomes
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RER
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has ribosomes on the outer surface and produces proteins
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SER
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functional in lipid synthesis, storage of Ca ions in muscle cells, and detoxification
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Golgi apparatus
pimp and ride; modifies and packages proteins produced by the RER and lipids produced by the SER
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Lysosomes
contain acidic enzymes; abundant in phagocytes; rupture results in self digestion of the cell (autolysis)
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Mitochondria
produces ATP
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Motile celia
extensions of the plasma membrane that move materials over the cell (fallopian tubes, trachea, bronchi)
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Primary celia
involved in sensation (rods, olfactory neurons)
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Microvilli
finger-like projections from the PM; increase surface area; found in cells that undergo absorption
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Epithelial tissue functions
covers body surfaces, lines hollow cavities, organs, and ducts, and forms glands
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Connective tissue functions
protects and supports the body and its organs, binds organs together, stores energy reserves as fat, and provides immunity
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Muscle tissue functions
movement and generation of force
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Nervous tissue functions
initiates and transmits action potentials, coordinating bodily functions
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Primary germ layers within the embryo
endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
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Tissue derivations
Epithelium from all three germ layers, connective and muscle tissue from the mesoderm, nerve tissue from ectoderm
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Tight junctions
watertight seal between cells, PMs fused with a strip of proteins, common between cells that line the GI and bladder
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Adherens junctions and components
holds epithelial tissue together; has plaques (dense layer of proteins in the cell membrane), microfilaments, and integral membrane that extends to the other cell membrane
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Gap junctions functions and components
small space between the PMs of two cells; cell communication between cells with ions and small molecules (heart and smooth muscle of gut); connexons (protein channels that form fluid filled tunnels)
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Desmosomes functions and components
resists cell separation and disruption; Similar structure to adherens junction except intracellular intermediate filaments cross cytoplasm of cell; support of cardiac muscle
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Hemidesmosomes
half of desmosomes; connects cells to extracellular material (basement membrane)
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Epithelial tissue features
closely packed cells with little extracellular material, sits on basement membrane, avascular, good nerve supply, rapid cell division
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Epithelial tissue functions
protection, filtration, lubrication, secretion, digestion, absorption, transportation, excretion, sensory reception, reproduction
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Basement membrane components
basal lamina (epithelial cells and collagen), reticular lamina (secreted by connective tissue, reticular fibers)
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Basement membrane functions
guide for cell migration during development, thickens due to collagen and laminin production
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Covering and lining epithelium
epidermis of skin, lining of blood vessels and ducts, lining of respiratory, GI, reproductive, and urinary tracts
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Glandular epithelium
secreting portion of glands, thyroid, adrenal, and sweat glands
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Glands (glandular epithelium)
a single or mass of epithelial cells adapted for secretion, derived from epithelial cells that sank below the the surface during development
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Endocrine glands
ductless; secrete hormones into bloodstream, and these hormones help maintain homeostasis
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Exocrine glands
secrete products into ducts that empty at the surface of covering and lining epithelium or directly onto a free surface; connected to the surface by ducts
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Unicellular gland classification
goblet cells
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Multicellular gland classification
branched or unbranched, tubular or acinar, sweat glands
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Merocrine glands
form the secretory products and discharge them by exocytosis (sweat and salivary glands)
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Apocrine glands/decapitating
accumulate secretary products at the apical surface of the secreting cell; that portion then pinches off from the rest of the cell to form the secretion with the remaining part of the cell repairing itself and repeating the process (mammary and cercumum glands)
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Holocrine glands
accumulate the secretory product in the cytosol; cell dies and its products are discharged, then is replaced by new cells (sebaceous and meibomian glands)
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What is connective tissue derived from?
mesoderm and mesenchyme
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Fibroblasts
immature cells that secrete fibers and matrix
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Adipocytes
immature cells that store energy in the form of fat
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Macrophages
develop from monocytes and engulf bacteria and debris by phagocytosis
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B lymphocytes
plasma cells develop from this; produce antibodies
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Mast cells
produce histamine that dilate small BV
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Mesenchyme
found almost exclusively in the embryo, is the tissue form from which all other connective tissue eventually arises; Irregularly shaped cells,
semifluid ground substance with reticular fibers
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Mucus connective tissue (Wharton's jelly)
found in the umbilical cord of the fetus; Star-shaped cells in jelly-like ground substance
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Loose connective tissues
areolar connective tissue, adipose tissue, reticular tissue
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Areolar connective tissue
contains fibroblasts, plasma cells, macrophages, mast cells and a few white blood cells; Gelatinous ground substance; found in the subcutaneous layer of the integument
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Adipose connective tissue
consists of adipocytes which are specialized for storage of triglycerides; reduces heat loss through the skin, serves as an energy reserve, supports, protects, and generates considerable heat to help maintain proper body temperature in newborns
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Reticular connective tissue
consists of fine interlacing reticular fibers and reticular cells; forms the stroma of certain organs; helps bind the cells of smooth muscle
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Types of dense connective tissue
dense regular connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, elastic connective tissue
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Dense regular connective tissue
Collagen fibers in parallel bundles with fibroblasts between bundles of collagen fibers; forms tendons
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Dense irregular connective tissue
contains collagen fibers that are irregularly arranged and is found in parts of the body where tensions are exerted in various directions; found in heart valves, the perichondrium, the tissue surrounding cartilage, and the periosteum (whites of eyes)
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Elastic connective tissue
Branching elastic fibers and fibroblasts
Can stretch & still return to original shape
Lung tissue, vocal cords, ligament between vertebrae
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4 main types of cells of the epidermis
90% of cells keratinocytes and 5-6% melanocytes, Langerhan cells, and Merkel cells
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Langerhan cells
antigen presenting cells; dendritic cells and are part of the immune system
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Merkel cells
touch sensors located in the stratum basale
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Keratinocytes
produce keratin; cells either divide into more stem cells or transit cells that will eventually become the cornified most superficial layer of the epidermis
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Melanocytes
produce melanin and are found in the stratum basale
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Stratum basale
deepest layer, one layer thick, mitosis occurs here
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Stratum spinosum
several layers thick, lots of desmosomes present
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Stratum granulosum
contains keratohyalin granules and lamellated bodies; 2-5 cell layers thick
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keratohyaline granules
gives epidermis its strength
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lamellated bodies
lipid filled bodies that give the epidermis its waterproofing properties
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stratum lucidum
"clear layer" that is only found in thick skin
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Stratum corenum
20-30 cells thick in thin skin (thicker in thick skin), provides protection from external environment, dead cells
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order of the epidermis layers from deep to superficial
Basal, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum
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Dermis regions
papillary layer and reticular layer
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Papillary layer
superficial layer of the dermis; composed of loose connective tissue; has projections called dermal papillae which indent the epidermis
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Reticular layer
deep to the papillary layer, composed of dense irregular connective tissue
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Sebaceous glands
found all over body except for palms of hands and soles of feet; secrete oily secretion called sebum; lubricates hair and skin & inhibits growth of certain bacteria
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Eccrine sweat glands
more numerous, lots on palms, soles of feet, and forehead
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Apocrine sweat glands
found in the axillary and anogenital areas; begin to function at puberty
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Ceruminous glands
modified apocrine glands found lining the external ear canal (ear wax)
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Mammary glands
specialized sweat glands which secrete milk
