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Fall 2022 Courses > Advanced Anatomy Unit 1 Exam > Flashcards

Advanced Anatomy Unit 1 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

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2
Q

Cytology

A

study of the cells of the body

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3
Q

Histology

A

study of the tissues of the body

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4
Q

Developmental anatomy

A

study of the structural changes which occur from conception to old age

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5
Q

Embryology

A

study of developmental changes during the first eight weeks of development

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6
Q

6 levels of organization

A

chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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7
Q

Types of tissue

A

epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue

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8
Q

Abdominal regions

A

right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac

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9
Q

Serous membranes

A

covers organs and cavities of the trunk; composed of connective tissue and simple squamous epithelial tissue

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10
Q

Plasma membrane

A

forms outer cell boundary and separates the internal environment from the external

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11
Q

Cytoplasm

A

contains cytosol, cytoskeleton, inclusions, and organelles; site where most cell activity takes place

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12
Q

Nucleus

A

control center containing DNA

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13
Q

Central dogma

A

DNA transcripting to RNA, RNA transcribing to proteins

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14
Q

Plasma membrane lipids

A

phospholipids and cholesterol

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15
Q

Marker molecules

A

involved in cell to cell recognition (mostly glycoproteins or glycolipids)

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16
Q

Attachment proteins

A

attach cells to other cells, extracellular molecules, or intracellular molecules

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17
Q

Channel proteins

A

involved with transportation of substances in and out of a cell

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18
Q

Receptor proteins

A

contain binding sites that bind to specific substances

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19
Q

Carrier proteins

A

move substances from one side of the PM to the other

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20
Q

Cytosol

A

fluid portion of the cytoplasm

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21
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

provides support and structure and is involved in the movement of cellular structures

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22
Q

Ribosomes

A

sites of protein synthesis, there are both fixed and free ribosomes

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23
Q

RER

A

has ribosomes on the outer surface and produces proteins

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24
Q

SER

A

functional in lipid synthesis, storage of Ca ions in muscle cells, and detoxification

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25
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

pimp and ride; modifies and packages proteins produced by the RER and lipids produced by the SER

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26
Q

Lysosomes

A

contain acidic enzymes; abundant in phagocytes; rupture results in self digestion of the cell (autolysis)

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27
Q

Mitochondria

A

produces ATP

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28
Q

Motile celia

A

extensions of the plasma membrane that move materials over the cell (fallopian tubes, trachea, bronchi)

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29
Q

Primary celia

A

involved in sensation (rods, olfactory neurons)

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30
Q

Microvilli

A

finger-like projections from the PM; increase surface area; found in cells that undergo absorption

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31
Q

Epithelial tissue functions

A

covers body surfaces, lines hollow cavities, organs, and ducts, and forms glands

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32
Q

Connective tissue functions

A

protects and supports the body and its organs, binds organs together, stores energy reserves as fat, and provides immunity

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33
Q

Muscle tissue functions

A

movement and generation of force

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34
Q

Nervous tissue functions

A

initiates and transmits action potentials, coordinating bodily functions

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35
Q

Primary germ layers within the embryo

A

endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

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36
Q

Tissue derivations

A

Epithelium from all three germ layers, connective and muscle tissue from the mesoderm, nerve tissue from ectoderm

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37
Q

Tight junctions

A

watertight seal between cells, PMs fused with a strip of proteins, common between cells that line the GI and bladder

38
Q

Adherens junctions and components

A

holds epithelial tissue together; has plaques (dense layer of proteins in the cell membrane), microfilaments, and integral membrane that extends to the other cell membrane

39
Q

Gap junctions functions and components

A

small space between the PMs of two cells; cell communication between cells with ions and small molecules (heart and smooth muscle of gut); connexons (protein channels that form fluid filled tunnels)

40
Q

Desmosomes functions and components

A

resists cell separation and disruption; Similar structure to adherens junction except intracellular intermediate filaments cross cytoplasm of cell; support of cardiac muscle

41
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

half of desmosomes; connects cells to extracellular material (basement membrane)

42
Q

Epithelial tissue features

A

closely packed cells with little extracellular material, sits on basement membrane, avascular, good nerve supply, rapid cell division

43
Q

Epithelial tissue functions

A

protection, filtration, lubrication, secretion, digestion, absorption, transportation, excretion, sensory reception, reproduction

44
Q

Basement membrane components

A

basal lamina (epithelial cells and collagen), reticular lamina (secreted by connective tissue, reticular fibers)

45
Q

Basement membrane functions

A

guide for cell migration during development, thickens due to collagen and laminin production

46
Q

Covering and lining epithelium

A

epidermis of skin, lining of blood vessels and ducts, lining of respiratory, GI, reproductive, and urinary tracts

47
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

secreting portion of glands, thyroid, adrenal, and sweat glands

48
Q

Glands (glandular epithelium)

A

a single or mass of epithelial cells adapted for secretion, derived from epithelial cells that sank below the the surface during development

49
Q

Endocrine glands

A

ductless; secrete hormones into bloodstream, and these hormones help maintain homeostasis

50
Q

Exocrine glands

A

secrete products into ducts that empty at the surface of covering and lining epithelium or directly onto a free surface; connected to the surface by ducts

51
Q

Unicellular gland classification

A

goblet cells

52
Q

Multicellular gland classification

A

branched or unbranched, tubular or acinar, sweat glands

53
Q

Merocrine glands

A

form the secretory products and discharge them by exocytosis (sweat and salivary glands)

54
Q

Apocrine glands/decapitating

A

accumulate secretary products at the apical surface of the secreting cell; that portion then pinches off from the rest of the cell to form the secretion with the remaining part of the cell repairing itself and repeating the process (mammary and cercumum glands)

55
Q

Holocrine glands

A

accumulate the secretory product in the cytosol; cell dies and its products are discharged, then is replaced by new cells (sebaceous and meibomian glands)

56
Q

What is connective tissue derived from?

A

mesoderm and mesenchyme

57
Q

Fibroblasts

A

immature cells that secrete fibers and matrix

58
Q

Adipocytes

A

immature cells that store energy in the form of fat

59
Q

Macrophages

A

develop from monocytes and engulf bacteria and debris by phagocytosis

60
Q

B lymphocytes

A

plasma cells develop from this; produce antibodies

61
Q

Mast cells

A

produce histamine that dilate small BV

62
Q

Mesenchyme

A

found almost exclusively in the embryo, is the tissue form from which all other connective tissue eventually arises; Irregularly shaped cells,
semifluid ground substance with reticular fibers

63
Q

Mucus connective tissue (Wharton’s jelly)

A

found in the umbilical cord of the fetus; Star-shaped cells in jelly-like ground substance

64
Q

Loose connective tissues

A

areolar connective tissue, adipose tissue, reticular tissue

65
Q

Areolar connective tissue

A

contains fibroblasts, plasma cells, macrophages, mast cells and a few white blood cells; Gelatinous ground substance; found in the subcutaneous layer of the integument

66
Q

Adipose connective tissue

A

consists of adipocytes which are specialized for storage of triglycerides; reduces heat loss through the skin, serves as an energy reserve, supports, protects, and generates considerable heat to help maintain proper body temperature in newborns

67
Q

Reticular connective tissue

A

consists of fine interlacing reticular fibers and reticular cells; forms the stroma of certain organs; helps bind the cells of smooth muscle

68
Q

Types of dense connective tissue

A

dense regular connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, elastic connective tissue

69
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

Collagen fibers in parallel bundles with fibroblasts between bundles of collagen fibers; forms tendons

70
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

contains collagen fibers that are irregularly arranged and is found in parts of the body where tensions are exerted in various directions; found in heart valves, the perichondrium, the tissue surrounding cartilage, and the periosteum (whites of eyes)

71
Q

Elastic connective tissue

A

Branching elastic fibers and fibroblasts
Can stretch & still return to original shape
Lung tissue, vocal cords, ligament between vertebrae

72
Q

4 main types of cells of the epidermis

A

90% of cells keratinocytes and 5-6% melanocytes, Langerhan cells, and Merkel cells

73
Q

Langerhan cells

A

antigen presenting cells; dendritic cells and are part of the immune system

74
Q

Merkel cells

A

touch sensors located in the stratum basale

75
Q

Keratinocytes

A

produce keratin; cells either divide into more stem cells or transit cells that will eventually become the cornified most superficial layer of the epidermis

76
Q

Melanocytes

A

produce melanin and are found in the stratum basale

77
Q

Stratum basale

A

deepest layer, one layer thick, mitosis occurs here

78
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

several layers thick, lots of desmosomes present

79
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

contains keratohyalin granules and lamellated bodies; 2-5 cell layers thick

80
Q

keratohyaline granules

A

gives epidermis its strength

81
Q

lamellated bodies

A

lipid filled bodies that give the epidermis its waterproofing properties

82
Q

stratum lucidum

A

“clear layer” that is only found in thick skin

83
Q

Stratum corenum

A

20-30 cells thick in thin skin (thicker in thick skin), provides protection from external environment, dead cells

84
Q

order of the epidermis layers from deep to superficial

A

Basal, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum

85
Q

Dermis regions

A

papillary layer and reticular layer

86
Q

Papillary layer

A

superficial layer of the dermis; composed of loose connective tissue; has projections called dermal papillae which indent the epidermis

87
Q

Reticular layer

A

deep to the papillary layer, composed of dense irregular connective tissue

88
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

found all over body except for palms of hands and soles of feet; secrete oily secretion called sebum; lubricates hair and skin & inhibits growth of certain bacteria

89
Q

Eccrine sweat glands

A

more numerous, lots on palms, soles of feet, and forehead

90
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

found in the axillary and anogenital areas; begin to function at puberty

91
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

modified apocrine glands found lining the external ear canal (ear wax)

92
Q

Mammary glands

A

specialized sweat glands which secrete milk

Fall 2022 Courses (2 decks)

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