Advanced Cells Flashcards
Name the basic organelles found in a human body
Mitochondria, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, ribosomes, rough er, smooth er, nucleus,
Function of mitochondria
Generator of chemical energy for the cell. Harness energy for the oxidation of food molecules, such as sugars, to produce atp through cellular respiration.
Function of rough er
Region of the er associated with ribosomes and involved in the synthesis of secreted and membrane-bound proteins
Function of smooth er
Region of the er not associated with ribosomes, involved in the synthesis of lipids
Function of nucleus
Enclosed with 2 concentric membranes that form the nuclear envelope and it contains DNA. Control center of the cell
Function of Golgi bodies
Modifies and packages molecules made in the er that are destined to be either secreted from the cell or transported to another cell compartment.
Function of ribosomes
Composed of ribosomal rnas and ribosomal proteins, translates messenger rna into protein
Function of lysosomes
Small irregularly shaped organelles in which intracellular digestion occurs, (breaking down of food, bacteria, waste, and worn out cell parts)
Phospholipid bilayer chemical formula and polar and nonpolar sides and which side they’re facing
CH-PO4
Non polar-polar
Towards center-on the outside
Amino acid formula
O H
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H-O-C-C-NH2
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RExplain what the “R” component on an amino acid is and two functions of it
It’s the functional group and is different for different amino acids. Gives the protein it’s chemical characteristics and gives the protein it’s shape
Empirical formula for carbohydrates and the elements ratios
CH2O
1 C: 2H: 1O ratio
Contract the two main types of protein
Fibular protein are straight (chain) while globular protein are balled (globule)
Name the 3 types of enzymes
Metabolic, digestive, and food enzymes
Describe how proteins help with cellular structure and support
The cytoskeleton is made of proteins. Integral and peripheral proteins bond together to form matrixes of connected proteins
Describe each of the 5 functions of proteins
1-Enzymes: increase reactions
2-Transporters: pass material through the membrane (active and passive)
3-Receptors: change cellular activity and allow certain reactions, the “on” switch for neuronal reactions
4-Antigens: allows cellular identity (identify self antigens and foreign antigens)
5-Transcription Factors: turn on, or off, gene expression
Describe the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane
Membrane is a moving, active liquid (like a soap bubble) proteins provide cellular structure because the membrane is just a “bubble”
Define bulk transport
Goes across the cell membrane, not through it. Endocytosis (moving into the cell). A substance changes the peripheral proteins on the superficial surface, causing connected proteins to change shape.
Exocytosis (moving out of the cell). Secretions, proteins change shape, looks like a soap bubble forming
Compare and contrast exocytosis and endocytosis
Endocytosis is moving into the cell while exocytosis is moving out of the cell. Both change the shape of proteins to enter or leave the cell
Difference between bulk transport and molecular transport
Bulk transport goes across the cell membrane not through it and it causes proteins to change shape.
Molecular transport goes through the membrane and if nonpolar no transporter protein is needed, but if it is polar then a transporter protein is needed
Describe how many amino acids are used to build an average protein
Proteins are a collection of 100s or 1000s of amino acids
Understand that fats are
Nonpolar compounds, and therefore insoluble in water and polar solutions
Enzymes are
Proteins that are the functional component of the cell
Describe how enzymes help chemical reactions happen in the body
They increase the odds of a reaction happening by lowering the activation energy
