Advanced Imaging Modalities Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
Breast cancer is the ___ leading cause of death
A
2nd
2
Q
1 in ___ women will develop breast CA
A
8
3
Q
Breast cancer has very little subject contrast so ____ kV is utilized to demonstrate _____ scale, _____ contrast image and to enhance ________________
A
Low
Short
High
Microcalcifications
4
Q
Avg. kV used for breast imaging
A
23-28
5
Q
Risk factors of breast cancer…
A
Age Family hx Genetics Dense breast tissue Early menstruation Late menopause Prolonged use of Estrogen
6
Q
Baseline age for screening
A
40 then yearly after 50
7
Q
How often should you do a self breast exam?
A
Monthly
8
Q
Should you perform a screening on asymptomatic patients?
A
Yes
9
Q
What kind of test do you perform on symptomatic patients?
A
Diagnostic
10
Q
Normal breast are composed of what 3 tissues?
A
Fibrous
Glandular
Adipose
11
Q
What tissue is most sensitive to cancer?
A
Glandular
12
Q
____% of cancer is ductal and may have micro-calcifications present
A
80
13
Q
Majority of breast cancer develops in the ______, ______ quadrant
A
Upper
Lateral
14
Q
Mamm units typically use __________ as a target and filter.
They may also use Rhodium
A
Molybdenum
15
Q
Mamm tubes usually have a small FS (____) and large FS (____) to enhance _______.
A
0.1 mm
0.3 mm
Spatial resolution/detail
16
Q
Cathode is usually positioned over the chest wall to enhance…
A
Anode Heel Effect
17
Q
Under NO circumstances is total beam filtration less than _____ Al equivalent
A
0.5
18
Q
Compression immobilizes breast, provides uniform thickness, ______ scatter, ______ OID, ________ tissues, and _______ radiation dose
A
Reduces
Decreases
Thinner
Reduced
19
Q
Most mamm units are a moving _____ or _____ grid
A
4: 1
5: 1
20
Q
A _______ Grid is used specifically in mamms
A
HTC (High Transmission Cellular)
21
Q
AEC in mamm unit sensors after IR to ______ OID and _____ spatial resolution
A
Minimize
Improve
22
Q
True or false: Mamm units can have single or multiple detectors?
A
True
23
Q
__________ is used frequently to enhance small lesions
A
Magnification
24
Q
Avg. glandular dose (mRad/view)
A
200 mRad/view
25
Angiography
Study of vessels
26
Arteriography
Study of arteries
27
Technique involving insertion of 18-gauge hollow needle with stylet into femoral artery to allow insertion of guidewire and catheter into circulatory system
Seldinger
28
_______ allows safe introduction of catheter into vessel
Guidewire so
29
Once catheter is in place, ______ is removed so that contrast can be injected
Guidewire
30
Guidewires are categorized by (4)
Length
Configuration of tip
Stiffness of wire
Coating
31
What kind of coating is used for guidewire and why
Hydrophilic so it is resistant to thrombus
32
Catheters diameter is identified by ________ Size
French
33
_____ catheters have side holes to avoid whiplash effect
Pigtail
34
Water soluble non-ionic iodine is injected into the catheter and is _____ for patients
Safer
35
Does water soluable non ionic iodine contain iodine?
Yes
36
What should be performed before an exam?
```
History and prev.
Allergies
IV
BP
EKG
Pulse Ox.
```
37
Injection site must be _____ after exam to avoid bleeding
Compressed
38
Injection site must be inspected for ________ formation
Hematoma
39
Can apply "____ _____" to control bleeding
Star Close
40
Most common risk of IV Radiography
Bleeding at injection site
41
Risks of IV radiograph (5)
```
Bleeding at injection site
Contrast reaction
Kidney failure
Blood clot formation
Penetration of vessel
```
42
RT may be ___ registered during IV Radiography
CIT
43
Should have a ______ and ____ in room during IV Rad. Procedures
Radiologist
| Nurse
44
How many film badges should you wear for IV Radiography
2
45
For IV Rad. Use a Fluor c-arm with a FS of _____mm with a ___ phase, ____ pulse generator for rapid exposures
0.3
3
12
46
IV Rad tables have "stepping" device to take images from _________ to _____ after injection
Abdomen
| Feet
47
Was first used by military during WWII to locate submarines
Ultrasound
48
Returning echoes seen as dots in a line, used with Real-Time
B-Mode display (brightness)
49
Used when assessing fetal heart tones
M-Mode Display (Motion)
50
Can image moving structures and is capable of Doppler (3D in real time is 4D)
Real-Time display
51
_________ sends out sound waves and received echos to create image (only receives less than 2% back)
Transducer
52
Forward movement of sound waves
Compression
53
Backward movement of sound waves
Rarefaction
54
Medical US devices use sound waves in range of _____ MHz
1-20
55
Use low-frequency for imagining _______ structures
Deeper
56
Never stops being emitted; used in therapeutic PT because it produces heat in tissues to increase blood supply and help healing
Continuous sound waves
57
Pulse/echo; used for diagnostic US
Pulsed sound waves
58
Amount of echo returned to transducer is determined by
Acoustic Impedance
59
Determines resistance a material has to oncoming sound waves
Acoustic Impedance
60
Air containing organs (ex: lungs) have _____ acoustic impedance and dense organs (ex: bone) have _____ acoustic impedance
Low
| High
61
If 2 tissues have identical acoustic impedance, _____ echo is generated
No
62
Cause of incorrect localization of a structure on an US image; most prominent at fat/soft tissue interfaces
Refraction
63
Change in direction of sound transmission after hitting interface of 2 different tissues
Refraction
64
Most widely recognized refraction artifact at junction of....
Fetus abdominis muscles and abdominal wall fat
65
Fluid contained structures attenuate sound much less than solid structures so strength of sound pules is _____ after passing through fluid
Greater
66
Full bladder required for pelvic US to use as acoustic window and ______ pelvic organs
Elevate
67
US uses 2 planes when scanning....
Longitudinal
| Transverse
68
Scan head placed so mark on transducer is pointing towards head
Longitudinal
69
Scan head placed so mark is pointing towards patients right side
Transverse
70
Uses magnetic properties of hydrogen to produce body image
MRI
71
What does MRI stand for?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
72
Uses Gadolinium as a contrast medium
MRI
73
3 main components of MRI
Main magnet
Radiofrequency subsystem
Gradient coil subsystem
74
Magnetic field strengths are measured in units of ____ and ____.
Gauss (G)
| Tesla (T)
75
The higher the field strength of an MR system, the ____ the tissue is magnetized and the ____ the available signal from tissues being imaged
Greater
| Greater
76
Use liquid helium to cool magnet - used most often in clinical systems today
Superconducting magnets
77
Outside magnetic signals that can interfere with MRI. Machine usually shielded with iron to decrease this.
Fringe Field
78
RF shielding is used to protect equipment from outside ____ ___ ______.
Radio wave interface
79
MR signal is ______ proportional to strength of external field
Directly
80
Increased ____ is a major advantage of a higher-field-strength magnet
SNR
81
Periodic (Respiratory and Cardiac) Motion can be compensated by ______ and _____ and "_____" the scan to coordinate with motion
Monitoring
Detecting
Gating
82
Rate of wobbling or precession
Resonance or Larmor Frequency
83
"Spin-lattice" relaxation
T1 Relaxation
84
"Spin-spin" relaxation
T2 Relaxation
85
The "antenna" of MRI system
Radiofrequency (RF) Coils
86
Simplest type of coils
Surface Coils
87
Knee coils
Paired Saddle Coil
88
2 parallel coils
Helmholtz Pail Coil
89
Provides best RF homogeneity
Bird Cage Coil
90
Used to produce deliberate variations in main magnetic field (Bo)
Gradient Coils
91
Decreasing FOV improves ______.
Resolution
92
Screening of all patients and employees is ______. (Ex: metals, pacemakers, implants, etc.)
CRITICAL
93
Detects subtle increases in blood flow associated with activation of parts of the brain
fMRI (Functional MRI)
94
Children are very prone to ______ so cover them up when possible and only open isolette/incubator as needed
Hypothermia
95
Always record information in _____ _____ ___ if someone stays in to hold a child
Human Holder Log
96
4 things to document in a human holder log entry
Pt name
Holder name
Exam date/type
Pregnancy & pb info
97
Don't park children near ___ of department
Exits
98
Can hold infant for CXR
Pigg-O-Stat
| Or mummy style sheet immobilizers
99
Campaign concerned with reducing pediatric radiation dose
Image Gently Campaign
100
3 things to do if abuse if suspected
Notify ER
Social services
Physician
101
Often mistaken for child abuse; children suffer from multiple fxs
Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI)
102
Currently 1 out of __ people are "geriatric" (over 65) - anticipate 1 out of __ by 2030. Burdened by chronic disease
8
| 5
103
Overmedication from multiple prescriptions
Polypharmacy
104
How to avoid polypharmacy
Take all prescriptions to same pharmacy
105
___% of people over age 85 are thought to have Alzheimer's Disease
50
106
_______ is a common issue with geriatric patients
Depression
107
___-pitched voices are easier to hear
Low
108
Dislocation is popular after hip replacement so ___ adduct the operative leg
Do NOT
109
Decubitus Ulcer (bed sore) can form in __ hours so check their position often
2
110
1 out of __ seniors may experience abuse
20
