Advanced Nutrition

Question 1

The vitamin D response element (VDRE) and retinoid X receptors are found in

Answer 1

the nucleus

Question 2

People with orange palms need immediate medical attention because it is a sign of lethal levels of vitamin A in the body.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Deficiency of vitamin A will lead to night blindness. This is due to . . .

Answer 3

inability to produce rhodopsin

Question 4

Which of the following is considered a steroid hormone?

Answer 4

Vitamin D

Question 5

What are the best sources of vitamin E?

Answer 5

wheat germ, nuts and seed oils

Question 6

List 3 conditions that increase risk for fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies.

Answer 6

Malabsorption Disorders
Alcoholism
Hepatic dysfunction

Question 7

Match the vitamin with the lab used to assess adequacy of the nutrient in the body.

vitamin D -
vitamin K -
vitamin A -

Answer 7

25(OH)D
prothromibin time (PT)
plasma retinol concentration

Question 8

Vitamin A deficiency is common in children living in developing countries.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

Match the vitamin to it’s deficiency symptoms: Vitamin D

Answer 9

muscle weakness, inadequate bone mineralzation

Question 10

Match the vitamin to it’s deficiency symptoms: Vitamin E

Answer 10

red blood cell fragility and hemolytic anemia

Question 11

Match the vitamin to it’s deficiency symptoms: Vitamin A

Answer 11

Bitots spots, corneal uclerations, folicular hyperkaratosis resembling “goose bumps”

Question 12

Match the vitamin to it’s deficiency symptoms: Vitamin K

Answer 12

prolonged blood clotting, bruising and inadequate bone mineralization

Question 13

The majority of vitamin A is stored in the LIVER while carotenoids are stored in

Answer 13

adipocytes

Question 14

No tolerable upper limit (UL) has been set for vitamin D because we naturally make large amounts when our skin is exposed to UV light.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

Which of these foods provide the greatest amount of vitamin K per serving?

Answer 15

Collard Greens

Question 16

Select ALL of the following that function as antioxidants.

Answer 16

vitamin E
carotenoids
lycopene

Question 17

Which of the following is the principle function of vitamin E? Select the best answer.

Answer 17

protect cell membranes by preventing oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipids

Question 18

Select ALL of the following that are TRUE of fat-soluble vitamin digestion and absorption..

Answer 18

-Most absorption occurs in the duodenum and jejunum.

-Micelles form in the intestinal lumen, then diffuse across the microvilli brush border membrane into the enterocytes.

-Chylomicrons enter the lymph before entering the blood.

Bile is required to emulsify fat globules containing the vitamins.

-Digestion and absorption are greater if the meal contains fat.

Question 19

Which of the following will enhance magnesium absorption in the small intestine? Select the one best answer.

Answer 19

Protein

Question 20

Select ALL that are true of phosphorus function.

Answer 20

-component of hydroxyapatite in bone

-component of nucleotides in RNA and DNA

-component of nucleotides in ATP for energy transfer

-a cell signaling agent through the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of different proteins

Question 21

Select ALL that are functions of calcium.

Answer 21

-vasorelaxing and membrane-stabilizing effects on smooth muscle.

-regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase, glycogen synthase and other enzymes

-blood clotting

-muscle contraction

-nerve transmition

Question 22

List 3 populations or conditions that put individuals at risk for magnesium deficiency.

Answer 22

Kidney Disease
Cardiovascular Disease
Diabetes

Question 23

Total plasma calcium levels are a good measure of calcium status in the body.

Answer 23

False

Question 24

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) effect on bone causes ______ to release ______.

Answer 24

• osteoclasts
  -calcium

Question 25

Select ALL of the following that are functions of magnesium.

Answer 25

-bone mineralization -cell membrane stability by binding to phospholipids -cofactor for >300 enzymatic reactions including beta oxidation, glycolysis and the TCA cycle. -ATP stability -promoting glucose uptake

Question 26

Calcitonin ______ blood calcium by inhibiting _______.

Answer 26

-lowers -Osetoclasts

Question 27

What is secreted in response to low plasma calcium that acts on the kidney to increase the synthesis of calcitriol, which promotes renal absorption of calcium.

Answer 27

parathyroid hormone

Question 28

Magnesium crosses the bursh boarder membrane of the small intestine through a magnesium channel or by way of paracellular diffusion.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Which age group has the highest calcium needs?

Answer 29

9-18 year olds

Question 30

Which 2 substances can improve calcium absorption from the intestine? Select the 2 best answers.

Answer 30

vitamin D lactose

Question 31

Phosphorus balance is achieved largely by what process?

Answer 31

renal excretion

Question 32

Phosphorus absorption takes place in the small intestine, predominantly in the jejunum.

Answer 32

True

Question 33

High levels of IV magnesium are used to treat pre-eclampsia, a serious complication that can develop during pregnancy and lead to high blood pressure.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

Which calcium supplemnet does not need to be ingested with food and can be useful in individuals with limited gastric acid production?

Answer 34

calcium citrate

Question 35

Where is most magnesium found in the body?

Answer 35

bone

Question 36

Which of the following is the primary positively charged electrolyte found in plasma and interstitial fluid? Select the best answer.

Answer 36

Sodium

Question 37

Select all of the following that are true of potassium deficiency.

Answer 37

-can occur with use of loop diuretics, diarrhea and refeeding syndrome -symptoms include cardiac arrhythmias and increased urine calcium excretion

Question 38

Approximately how much water is released into the gastrointestinal tract daily as part of secretions

Answer 38

7L

Question 39

The movement of water among various body compartments is regulated by the presence of ________? Select the best answer.

Answer 39

sodium in the extracellular fluid

Question 40

Which of the following is the primary positively charged intracelluar electrolyte? Select the best answer.

Answer 40

Potassium

Question 41

What is normal osmolality of plasma? Select the best answer.

Answer 41

280-295 mOsm/kg H2O

Question 42

Where is the majority of water in the gastrointestinal tract absorbed?

Answer 42

small intestine

Question 43

An excessive overconsumption of water dilutes the plasma, resulting in hyponatremia.

Answer 43

True

Question 44

Which of the following contributes the highest percentage to total body water?

Answer 44

intracellular fluid

Question 45

A higher percentage of muscle mass lowers total body water.

Answer 45

False

Question 46

What percentage of the glomerular filtrate volume is typically excreted as urine each day?

Answer 46

less than 5%

Question 47

The sodium potassium pump ATPase pump is an example of simple diffusion.

Answer 47

False

Question 48

Urinary loss of water averages approximately 1-2 L/day.

Answer 48

True

Question 49

What is normal blood pH?

Answer 49

7.35-7.45

Question 50

Which organs are responsible for regulation of extracellular water osmolarity and volume? Select the best answer.

Answer 50

hypothalamus and kidney

Question 51

Match the compound with its function. Aldosterone

Answer 51

- Promotes resorption of sodium and excretion of potassium in the distal renal tubule.

Question 52

Match the compound with its function. Renin

Answer 52

- Released by the kidney when blood pressure and plasma fluid volume are low. Hydrolyzes angiotensinogen to its active form.

Question 53

Match the compound with its function. Vasopressin

Answer 53

Released in response to slight increases in extracellular fluid osmolarity. Stimulatesreaborption of water in the kidneys. Increases blood pressure by stimulating vasoconstriction.

Question 54

Match the compound with its function. natriuretic peptides

Answer 54

Released into circulation when extracellular fluid expansion stretches heart muscle. Promote Na+ and water excretion. Decrease plasma volume and lower blood pressure.

Question 55

Select all the following which are functions of water in the human body.

Answer 55

-maintenance of blood volume -solvent -body temperature regulation -lubrication and protection

Question 56

A food may be labeled “low sodium” if each serving provides less than what?

Answer 56

140 mg

Question 57

Select all of the following that are true of chloride deficiency.

Answer 57

-symptoms include metabolic acidosis and convulsions -can occur with severe vomiting or jejunostomy

Question 58

Which trace mineral participates in the greatest number of enzyme systems?

Answer 58

Zinc

Question 59

Which of the following would be appropriate for a person with hemochromotosis? Select the best anwer.

Answer 59

frequent blood donation

Question 60

In addition to iron deficiency, what other mineral deficiency could lead to hypochromic anemia due to its role in iron oxidation? Select the best answer

Answer 60

Copper

Question 61

Chronic excessive fluoride intake (fluorosis) is associated with _________________. Select the best answer.

Answer 61

mottled, pitted, porous teeth and increased bone fracture risk

Question 62

There is no evidence to indicate ionic cobalt is essential in humans.

Answer 62

True

Question 63

Liquid colloidal silver has been approved for oral ingestion for the treatment of wounds and burns.

Answer 63

False

Question 64

Molybdenum is an essential nutrient, but deficiency is rare.

Answer 64

True

Question 65

Liver failure can lead to toxicity of which of the following minerals due altered bile excretion? Choose the best answer.

Answer 65

copper and manganese

Question 66

What is the primary function of iodine? Select the best answer.

Answer 66

Component of thyroid hormones which stimulate metabolic rate and cellular oxygen consumption.

Question 67

Match the nutrient with clinical signs of deficiency. Iodine

Answer 67

goiter (enlarged thyroid)

Question 68

Match the nutrient with clinical signs of deficiency. Zinc

Answer 68

abnormal taste, loss of appetite and poor wound healing

Question 69

Match the nutrient with clinical signs of deficiency. Iron

Answer 69

anemia, fatigue, pale conjunctiva, koilonychia (spoon-shaped fingernails)

Question 70

Match the nutrient with clinical signs of deficiency. Selenium

Answer 70

leukonychia (whitening of the nail bed) and hypopigmentation of hair

Question 71

Match the nutrient with clinical signs of deficiency. Copper

Answer 71

skin depigmentation and anemia

Question 72

Chromium deficiency can cause ______________. Select the best answer.

Answer 72

impaired glucose use and high plasma free fatty acid concentrations

Question 73

Which nutrient is required by over 2000 transcription factors to bind to the promoter regions of genes to enhance or inhibit transcription?

Answer 73

Zinc

Question 74

Match the following term with its role in iron homeostasis and transport. Ferritin

Answer 74

iron storage protein

Question 75

Match the following term with its role in iron homeostasis and transport. Hepcidin

Answer 75

regulatory hormone released when iron stores are high to cause the internalization and degradation of ferroportin

Question 76

Match the following term with its role in iron homeostasis and transport. Transferrin

Answer 76

carrier protein that can bind 1 or 2 iron atoms for transport in the blood

Question 77

Match the following term with its role in iron homeostasis and transport. Ferroportin

Answer 77

transports iron out of the enterocyte across the basolateral membrane to the blood

Question 78

Match the following term with its role in iron homeostasis and transport. divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1)

Answer 78

transports iron from the intestinal lumen into the enterocyte

Question 79

Select all of the following that ENHANCE iron absorption.

Answer 79

Meat/Poultry Acids/Vitamin C Sugars (Fructose/sorbitol) Mucin

Question 80

Ferritin is an acute-phase protein that decreases in chronic inflammatory conditions.

Answer 80

False

Question 81

Select all the groups that are at risk of iron deficiency.

Answer 81

-adolescent females -infants and young children -those with renal disease -pregnant women

Question 82

You have a patient with a history of gastric bypass (3 years ago) who has been taking antacids with each meal the last 6 months and high doses of zinc (50 mg/day) since 2020. Which of the following minerals would she be most likely deficient in?

Answer 82

Copper