Advanced pathology Flashcards
What type of tumour is a teratoma?
Germ cell
3 layers of the embyro?
Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
Three types of ovarian tumours?
Surface epithelium
Sex cord/stroma
Germ cells
How are teratomas classified?
And which classifications are worse?
Mature (mature tissues) and immature (embryonic and fetal tissue)
Immature is worse
Where are teratomas common
ovaries and testicules
what type of teratomas are usually in the ovaries vs testicles
mature in ovaries (‘benign’)
immature in testes (‘malignant’)
Where else can teratomas form?
Mature teratomas can be split into what?
Mature solid teratomas
Monodermal cystic teratomas (dermoid cysts!) - these can become malignant, and baso turn into any cell possible
What does grading of malignant immature teratomas depend on?
Amount of immature neural tissue
What is a good marker for neuroendocrine cells in immunohistochemistry?
Chromogranin
CD56 (but also NK cells)
Synaptophysin
Where do neuroendocrine tumours arise?
Anywhere from the embryology of the gut
what are neuroendocrine tumours unique for
they produce hormones
How do we grade neuroendocrine tumours
Differentiation
and
Ki-67 index (mitotic index) - it is an immunohistochemical stain, see it as brown cells on a stain
Imaging of NETs?
at a low grade we use:
Octreotide scan
at a high grade have to use:
FDG PET - metabolic activity
Staging of NETs
TNM that depends on site (i.e. pancreatic vs gastric)
