ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 1 Flashcards by CHRISTOPHER MASON

What is an … atypical hyperplasia, deranged cell growth with increase in cell size, change in shape & appearance.

Dysplasia

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What are the symptoms of Cellular Injury: Reversible?

1 Cell swelling & Vacuoles
2 Blebbing of plasma membrane
3 Mitochondria swelling
4 ER dilatation & Fatty changes

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What are the symptoms of Cellular Injury: Irreversible?

1 Enzymatic digestion of dead cell elements
2 Denaturation of proteins
3 Autolysis - lysosomal enzymes
4 Cytoplasm - increased eosinophilia 
5 Nucleus - nonspecific breakdown of DNA
6 pyknosis (shrinkage)
7 karyolysis (fading)
8 karyorrhexis (fragmentation)

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Cellular Injury Mechanisms: 
Name the (4) Hypoxic injury?

1 Ischemia
2 Anoxia
3 Cellular responses
     a. Decrease in ATP, causing failure of sodium-
         potassium pump and sodium-calcium
          exchange
     b. Cellular swelling
4 Reperfusion injury

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Cellular Injury Mechanisms: 
Name the (5) Free radicals and reactive oxygen species?

1 Electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms
having an unpaired electron
2 Lipid peroxidation
3 Alteration of proteins
4 Alteration of DNA
5 Mechanisms for the inactivation of free radicals

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Cellular Injury Mechanisms:
Name the (5) Chemical Injury?

1 Lead
2 Carbon monoxide
3 Ethanol
4 Mercury
5 Social or street drugs

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Chronic Cell Injury:

1 Non-lethal injury causes subcellular changes
a. characteristic in certain pathologic conditions
b. Changes in mitochondria seen in various
conditions in some of which there is an
increase in the number of mitochondria with
various morphological abnormalities
2 Cytoskeletal changes with formation of
distinctive intracellular inclusions such as:
a. Mallory body
b. Neurofibrillary tangles
c. Lewy body

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Unintentional & Intentional Injuries:

What is the definition and the (4) symptoms of Blunt force injuries:

DEFINITION: Application of mechanical energy to
the body resulting in the tearing,
shearing, or crushing of tissues
1. Contusion & hematoma
2. Abrasion
3. Laceration
4. Fractures

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FINISH THIS SENTENCE:

Bruise is more superficial VS. Hematoma which …

… involves deeper tissues

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Women bruise more easily than men BECAUSE OF:

excess of subcutaneous fat.

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Elders bruise more often BECAUSE OF:

… skin thinner due to stretching and aging

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Lighter skin complexion show(s) [MORE / LESS] bruising than people with darker skin.

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Unintentional & Intentional Injuries:
List the (4) types of Sharp force wounds:

Incised wounds
Stab wounds
Puncture wounds
Chopping wounds

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What causes Asphyxial Injuries and what are the (4) types of Asphyxial injuries?

DEFINITION: Caused by a failure of cells to receive 
                    or use oxygen
1. Suffocation
2. Strangulation
     A. Hanging
     B. ligature
     C. manual
3. Chemical
4. Drowning

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Infectious Injury depends on (3) things… What are they?

Pathogenicity of a microorganism
Virulence of a microorganism
Disease-producing potential
A. Invasion and destruction
B. Toxin production
C. Production of hypersensitivity reactions

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Immunologic & Inflammatory Injury:

These are caused by (3) things: What are they?

Phagocytic cells
Immune and inflammatory substances
A. Histamine
B. antibodies
C. lymphokines
D. complement
E. enzymes
Membrane alterations

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Injurious Genetic Factors: List (2) types and give (2) examples?

Nuclear alterations
Alterations in the plasma membrane structure,
shape, receptors, or transport mechanisms
Examples
Sickle cell anemia
muscular dystrophy

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Injurious Nutritional Imbalances:

Essential nutrients are required for cells to function normally … List two types of Injurious Nutritional Imbalances?

Deficient intake

2. Excessive intake

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Temperature Extremes:

What does Hypothermic injury do?

Slows cellular metabolic processes

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Temperature Extremes:

List (3) Hyperthermic injury examples:

Heat cramps
Heat exhaustion
Heatstroke

FINISH THIS SENTENCE:

Atmospheric Pressure Changes are …

… sudden increases or decreases in atmospheric pressure

List (2) types of Atmospheric Pressure Changes:

Blast injury
Decompression sickness or caisson disease
Example: “The bends”

Ionizing Radiation injuries are caused by …

… Any form of radiation capable of removing orbital electrons from atoms

List (4) causes of Ionizing radiation injuries:

X-rays
gamma rays
alpha particles
beta particles

Cellular Injury: | Illumination injury is caused by ...

Light modulation

Cellular Injury: | List (3) types of illumination injury ...

1. Eyestrain 2. obscured vision 3. cataract formation

Cellular injury: | Finish this sentence: Noise injury is ...

acoustic trauma and noise-induced hearing loss

Manifestations of Cellular Injury: | List (8) types of Cellular accumulations (infiltrations):

1. Water 2. Lipids 3. carbohydrates 4. Glycogen 5. Proteins 6. Pigments A. Melanin B. hemoproteins C. bilirubin 7. Calcium 8. Urate

FINISH THIS SENTENCE: | Hydropic Degeneration happens when ...

... excessive water accumulates in dysfunctional cells.

Can Hydropic Degeneration be reversed?

YES ... | provided the cause resolved before cell death

What are the (6) Cellular Necrosis types?

1. Coagulative 2. Liquefactive 3. Hemorrhagic 4. Caseous 5. Fatty 6. Fibrinoid

Cellular Death: Finish this sentence: Necrosis is the sum of ...

Cellular Death: | ... cellular changes after local cell death and the process of cellular autodigestion

Cellular Death: | What are the (3) Processes of Cellular death?

Cellular Death: 1. Karyolysis 2. Pyknosis 3. Karyorrhexis

Cellular Death: | What is ... Karyolysis?

Cellular Death: | ... Nuclear dissolution and chromatin lysis

Cellular Death: | What is ... Pyknosis?

Cellular Death: | ... ... Clumping of the nucleus

Cellular Death: | What is ... Karyorrhexis?

Cellular Death: | ... Fragmentation of the nucleus

Define osmolatlity?

The number of solutes in water or solution

What is the formula for ... | Net Filtration =

forces favoring filtration - forces opposing filtration 1. "CHP" 1. "POP" Capillary Plasma Hydrostatic Osmotic Pressure Pressure 2. Interstitial 2. Interstitial Osmotic Hydrostatic Pressure Pressure

What are the forces favoring filtration?

``` 1. "CHP" Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure 2. Interstitial Osmotic Pressure ```

What are the forces Opposing filtration?

``` 1. "POP" Plasma Osmotic Pressure 2. Interstitial Hydrostatic Pressure ```

Necrosis: | Coagulative necrosis is typically seen in ...

Necrosis: ... hypoxic environments (e.g. myocardial infarction, infarct of the spleen).

Necrosis: | Coagulative necrosis is caused by ...

Necrosis: | ... protein denaturation

Necrosis: Coagulative necrosis: When many cells undergo necrosis at once, then different necrosis patterns are produced, depending on what (3) things?

1. Nature of injury 2. Type of tissue 3. Length of time.

Necrosis: | Liquefactive necrosis is associated with ...

... cellular destruction and pus formation | e.g. pneumonia

Necrosis: | Caseous necrosis is a specific form of ...

Necrosis: | ... coagulation necrosis typically caused by mycobacteria (e.g. tuberculosis)

Necrosis: | Fat necrosis results from the ...

Necrosis: ... action of lipases on fatty tissues (e.g. acute pancreatitis, breast tissue necrosis)

Necrosis: | Fat necrosis is the action of ...

Necrosis: | ... lipases

Necrosis: | Fibrinoid necrosis is caused by ...

Necrosis: | ... immune-mediated vascular damage, deposition of fibrin-like protein-like material in arterial walls

Necrosis: | What is the clinical term for Gangrenous necrosis?

Necrosis: Dry vs. wet gangrene Gas gangrene