adve pe Flashcards
(181 cards)
1
Q
T or F - There are less than 100 bones in the human body
A
False
2
Q
Bronchioles are the smallest structure in the respiratory system - T or F
A
False
3
Q
A long bone is hollow in the middle - T or F
A
True
4
Q
The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood
A
True
5
Q
Muscular power is a combination of strength and speed - T or F
A
True
6
Q
Cardiac output is equal to stoke volume multiplied by heart rate - T or F
A
True
7
Q
Ventilation is how many breathes you take every minute - T or F
A
False
8
Q
There are 3 energy systems
A
True
9
Q
The energy released from the breakdown of ATP is used for a muscular
contraction - T/F
A
True
10
Q
Another name for the pectoral is the thigh.
A
False
11
Q
The Sternum is an example of an irregular bone.
A
False
12
Q
Overload happens when you train too hard.
A
False
13
Q
Running for 30 minutes is an example of continuous training
A
True
14
Q
Surfing is a good example of a sport that requires speed
A
False
15
Q
The heart is an example of cardiac muscle - T/F
A
True
16
Q
A contraction of the hamstring causes extension at the knee joint. - F/T
A
F
17
Q
Striated muscles are found in the walls of the intestines.= F/T
A
F
18
Q
Red blood cells are produced in short bones. - F/T
A
F
19
Q
The function of platelets is to clot the blood - F/T
A
T
20
Q
Ligaments connect bone to muscle. T/F
A
F
21
Q
Muscles responsible for making movements are called
a. agonists
b. stabilisers
c. synegists
d. antagonists
A
agonists
22
Q
another name for the clavicle is the
a. shoulder blade
b. skull
c. jaw
d. collarbone
A
Collar bone
23
Q
When a muscle contracts it becomes
a. shorter
b. longer
c. stays the same length
d. any of the above
A
Any of the above
24
Q
An important function of the skeleton is to
a. produce hormones
b. support the body
c. carry nerves
d. make blood flow quickly
A
Support the body
25
Turning the palms of your hands upward is an example of
a. dorsi flexion
b. plantar flexion
c. eversion
d. supination
Supination
26
An example of a hinge joint is found in the
a. elbow
b. hip
c. wrist
d. shoulder
Elbow
27
A vertebra is an example of a
a. Short bone
b. Flat bone
c. Long bone
d. Irregular bone
D
28
Muscles which straighten a limb at the joint are called
a. extensors
b. flexors
c. adductors
d. abductors
Extensors
29
The holes in spongy bone are filled with
a. air
b. marrow
c. marrow and air
d. none of the above
Marrow
30
Ligaments connect
a. bone to bone
b. muscle to bone
c. muscle to muscle
d. all of the above
Bone to Bone
31
Which of the following is not a function of the muscular system?
a. locomotion
b. assist in blood circulation
c. storage of fat and glycogen
d. red blood cell production
Red blood cell production
32
Twisting the sole of your foot inwards is called
a. abduction
b. flexion
c. eversion
d. inversion
D
33
A cartilagenous joint
a. is fixed
b. is slightly moveable
c. is freely moveable
d. is the least common joint type
C
34
The muscles use which substance in order to contract?
a. glycogen
b. ATP
c. ADP
d. glucose
B
35
Overload is when
a. you work too hard in training and you have to stop
b. you work to hard over a period of training sessions and get injured
c. you work harder than normal to increase the stress on the body systems
d. you try to lift too heavier a weight in a resistance training session
C
36
```
If you are overloading a training program, the approximate percentage increase
between sessions should be:
a. 5%
b. 10%
c. 15%
d. 12%
```
B
37
The ability of your body’s senses, nervous system and muscles to perform movements
smoothly and accurately is the definition for
a. agility
b. balance
c. coordination
d. flexibility
C
38
The muscle responsible for the movement of the arm away from the midline is the
a. pectoral
b. deltoid
c. latissimus dorsi
d. trapezius
B
39
An isoinertial contraction of the muscle is when the muscle
a. gets longer
b. gets shorter
c. stays the same length
d. both a and b
D
40
The formula for calculating maximum heart rate is
a. The amount of times your heart beats in an minute
b. 220 - age
c. 200 - age
d. 75% (220 – age)
B
41
The correct number of vertebra in the thoracic section of the vertebral column is
a. five
b. seven
c. twelve
d. four
C
42
The predominant energy system used for a 200m freestyle event is the
a. ATP-PC system
b. lactic Acid system
c. aerobic system
d. carbohydrate system
C
43
The carpals of the hand are an example of a(n)
a. short bone
b. flat bone
c. irregular bone
d. long bone
A
44
A sumo wrestler is classified as what type of body shape?
a. ectomorph
b. mesomorph
c. endomorph
d. none of the above
C
45
When the tibialis anterior contracts concentrically, the resultant movement is
a. plantarflexion
b. eversion
c. inversion
d. dorsiflexion
D
46
The flexed arm hang test is an example of which type of muscular contraction?
a. Isotonic concentric
b. Isotonic eccentric
c. Isometric
d. Centrimetric
C
47
The major energy system used whilst you sit this exam is the
a. ATP- PC system
b. Lactic Acid system
c. Aerobic system
d. Cardiovascular system
C
48
```
If you are a distance runner, lifting heavy weights on the biceps is a waste of time.
This is the training principle of
a. specificity
b. progression
c. overload
d. reversibility
```
A
49
The energy demand for a 1500 metre athletic event would be
a. 17% Aerobic : 83% Anaerobic
b. 50 % Aerobic : 50 Anaerobic
c. 46% Aerobic : 54% Anaerobic
d. 83% Aerobic : 17 % Anaerobic
A
50
Plyometrics is a training method focusing specifically on
a. Muscular strength
b. Muscular power
c. Local muscular endurance
d. Anaerobic capacity
B
51
List the five main features of a synovial joint:
```
Ligament
Synovial membrane
Joint capsule
Synovial fluid
cartilage
```
52
For the five features listed in Part ii), explain the role (function) of each: (Synovial fluid
Ligament – joins bone to bone
Synovial membrane – produces the synovial fluid
Joint capsule – provides stability and holds the joint in place
Synovial fluid – lubricates the joint and allows friction free movement
Cartilage – formed on the end of bones and allows friction free movement
53
What is the difference between an isoinertial eccentric contraction and an isoinertial concentric contraction? Give an example to support your answer.
An Isoinertial concentric contraction is when there is tension developed in the muscle and the
muscle length shortens (eg. Quads when kicking a football), whereas an Isoinertial Eccentric
contraction is when there is tension developed in the muscle and the muscle length lengthens
(eg. Quads when performing the down phase of a squat).
54
Acute responses to physical activity occur
A. Prior to physical activity
B. At the beginning of physical activity and last until the end of exercise
C. Half way through physical activity
D. After physical activity is complete
B
55
```
When a muscle contracts concentrically it becomes
A. Shorter
B. Longer
C. Either of the above
D. Neither of the above
```
A
56
Which group of elite athletes would most require fast twitch fibres
A. Distance runner, tour de france cyclist, high jumper
B. 1500m runner, 1500m swimmer, rower
C. marathoners, cross-country skier, triathlete
D. speed skater, sprinter, javelin thrower
D
57
```
Which pair of muscles has an ‘agonist – antagonist’ relationship ?
A. plantarflexion - dorsiflexion
B. biceps - deltoids
C. pectorals - quadriceps
D. tibialis anterior– gastrocnemius
```
D
58
```
Turning the sole of your foot outwards is an example of:
A. Inversion
B. Eversion
C. Supination
D. Pronation
```
B
59
At the commencement of physical activity, blood flow is redistributed around the body. Which
of the following body parts is blood flow reduced to?
A. Heart
B. Muscles
C. Internal organs
D. Skin
C
60
```
The maximum heart rate of a 50 year old woman would be approximately
A. 200
B. 190
C. 180
D. 170
```
D
61
The average adult would breath approximately
a) 35 times a minute
b) 25 times a minute
c) 15 times a minute
d) 5 times a minute
C
62
Ventilation is the
a. amount of air breathed in one minute
b. Tidal volume multiplied by respiratory rate
c. amount of air per breath multiplied by the number of breaths per minute
d. All of the above
D
63
Hypertrophy refers to:
a. Winning a big trophy
b. Enlargement of the heart muscle
c. Increased blood flow to the working muscles
d. The way that blood clots
B
64
Cells that fight disease and attack “alien” organisms
a. Red blood cells
b. White blood cells
c. Plasma
d. Platelets
B
65
Cells that are responsible for clotting the blood
a. Red blood cells
b. White blood cells
c. Plasma
d. Platelets
D
66
Makes up 55% of blood volume
a. Red blood cells
b. White blood cells
c. Plasma
d. Platelets
C
67
```
The fitness component most required for a Tour de France cyclist would be:
A. Muscular strength
B. Local muscular endurance
C. Speed
D. Muscular power
```
B
68
```
Which of the following is a health-related component of fitness
A. Agility
B. Balance
C. Reaction Time
D. Flexibility
```
D
69
```
A Tennis coach would be most interested in results from what fitness test?
A. The Semo agility test
B. Sit and reach test
C. Standing vertical jump test ]
D. Yo-Yo recovery test
```
A
70
```
To build muscular endurance an AFL midfielder should do resistance training with
A. High Sets and Low Reps
B. Low Sets and High Reps
C. High Sets and High Reps
D. Low Sets and Low Reps
```
B
71
```
The basketball throw test measures which fitness component?
A. Agility
B. Endurance
C. Strength
D. Power
```
D
72
```
Anaerobic fitness is most represented by which Olympic running event
A. 400m
B. 1500m
C. Marathon
D. 10 000m
```
A
73
What are the 4 functions of the circulatory system?
–Maintaining the body’s core temperature (homeostasis).
–Removing waste products from the cells (CO2).
–Fighting infections.
–Transporting oxygen and nutrients to the cells.
74
The heart and blood vessels can be divided into two circuits. What are the names of these circuits?
a) Circuit 1 ___pulmonary circuit______________
| b) Circuit 2 _____systemic circuit______________
75
What is the skeletal muscle pump and how does it work?
The skeletal muscle pump is the consequence of a muscle or a group of muscles continually contracting and
relaxing during physical activity. This contraction and relaxation constricts (narrows) and dilates (widens)
the surrounding blood vessels, and as a result this forces blood flow to continue to circulate around the body,
assisting in the delivery of oxygen to the working muscles
76
Describe A artery
Thick walls, carries oxygenated blood
77
Describe Capillary
1 cell thick, thin walls
78
Describe veins
Contain valves
| Carry deoxygenated blood
79
Outline the functions of capillary
thinnest blood vessel (1 cell thick) and where diffusion occurs
80
Outline functions of Bronchiole
branches off from the bronchus and passageway to the alveoli
81
Outline functions of Aveoli
smallest respiratory structure where diffusion occurs
82
Muscle fibre twitch for the marathon runner
Slow twitch
83
what type of muscle fibre for a 100 m record holder
Fast twitch
84
Characteristics of Slow-twitch fibres
```
High capillary density
Large Energy stores
High Aerobic enzymes
High fatigue resistance
Low force capacity
```
85
Characteristics of fast-twitch fibres
```
Low fatigue resistance
Large Force Capacity
Large Fibre Diameter
Large Motor Neurons
High anaerobic enzymes
```
86
identify and explain the 5 main principles of training
frequency – number of training sessions per week
2 intensity – how hard you work during the session eg. % HR max
3 specificity – training must be specific to muscles, energy systems and fitness components
4 overload – when increasing the training load to put more stress on the body (approx. 10%)
5 duration – how long the session goes for, or the training program
87
What are the main functions of the skeletal system?
Body Movement
Support
Protection
Mineral storage
Production of blood cells
88
What do tendons attach?
Muscle to Bone
89
What do ligaments attach
Bone to Bone
90
What is the axial skeleton?
Consists of skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum (thorax). It forms the major axis of the body as it is supportive and rigid and also protects many vital organs.
91
What was the appendicular skeleton?
Includes the appendages (limbs) of the body and is used mainly for movement. It's joined to the axial skeleton by the pelvic and pectoral girdles.
92
What is a vertebra?
Has a hollow centre through which travels the spinal cord that controls most conscious movement within the body. In this way the cord is protected
93
What are the 5 parts of the spine?
Cervical - 7 Vertebrae
Thoracic - 12 vertebrae
Lumbar - 5 vertebrae
Sacrum - 5 vertebrae fused together
Coccyx - 4 fused together
Total = 33
94
What are the types of bones?
Long - Longer than they are wide, hollow containing marrow. Primary function is to act as levers and therefore essential for movement.
Short - Cube shaped, with the same width and length. They are designed for strength and weight bearing
Flat bones - Have large flat areas for muscles to attach and usually protect vital organs
Irregular - No regular shape or characteristics. They have a variety of functions which include protection
Sesamoid - Bones that are small, surrounded by tendons and located around a joint.
95
When are joints formed?
When 2 or more bones meet
96
What are the types of joints?
Fibrous - No movement eg skull
Cartilaginous - Slight movement eg between ribs
Synovial - Freely moveable 6 moveable
97
What are the types of synovial joints?
Pivot - A joint that only allows rotation (atlas $ axis)
Gliding-Lets flat bones glide against each other (tarsals)
Ball and socket - This is when a ball goes into a socket (shoulder - Hip)
Hinge - Allows one specific movement (Knee - Elbow)
Saddle - Joint that allows movement like a saddle ( Metacarpals of the thumb)
Condyloid - Like the hinge joint but little rotation (Wrist)
98
What Movements at these joint occur?
Pivot
```
Gliding
Ball & socket
Hinge
Saddle
Condyloid
```
99
What Movements at these joint occur?
Pivot
```
Gliding
Ball & socket
Hinge
Saddle
Condyloid
```
Pivot - Rotation
Gliding - Gliding Movement
Ball & socket - Flexion, Extension, Adduction, Abduction, internal and external rotation
Hinge - Flexion and extension
Saddle - Flexion, Extension, Adduction & abduction
Condyloid - Flexion, Extension, Adduction & abduction
100
What are the functions of the synovial joint
Synovial fluid: water like substance, provides the joint with free movement
Cartilage: covers the bones and provides support and friction free movement
Synovial membrane: produces the synovial fluid for the joint
Joint Capsule: encloses the joint and provides stability
Ligament: connects bone to bone
101
What is the sagittal plane?
A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts
102
What is the transversal plane?
Divides body into top and bottom
103
What is the coronal plane?
Divides body into front and back
104
What is superior?
Closer to the head than another part
105
What is the inferior?
Closer to the feet than another part
106
What is Anterior?
Towards the front of the body
107
What is the Posterior?
Towards the back of the body
108
What is Medial?
Towards the midline of the body
109
What is Lateral?
Away from the midline of the body
110
What is proximal?
Closer to the point of attachment
111
What is Distal?
Further away from the attachment point
112
What is planter flexion and Dorsiflexion?
Dorsiflexion is moving foot up
| Planter flexion is moving foot down
113
What are the functions of the muscle system?
Posture
Body heat
Essential body functions
Body Movement
114
What are the different types of muscles?
Smooth Muscle- involuntary (no control)
- internal
- found in blood vessels & intestinal walls•
Cardiac muscle- involuntary
- found only in the heart•
Skeletal muscles (these are the ones you labeled!)
- voluntary
- external- striped or striated appearance
- allow skilled / motor movement
115
What is the pairing if muscles called?
This pairing of muscles is called RECIPROCAL INHIBITION.
116
What is agonist?
Prime mover
117
What is the antagonist?
A muscle that provides the opposite movement.
118
What is medial
Attachment that is proximal (closer) to the body's midline. It is usually on the more stable bone.
119
What is Distal
Attachment further away
120
What is isoinertial concentric?
Muscle shortening - Against Gravity
121
What is isoinertial eccentric?
Muscle lengthening - With Gravity
122
What is fast twitch fibres?
They are also known as Type II fibres.Characteristics include:
Contract rapidly.
High force of contraction.
Fatigue quickly.
They possess anaerobic characteristicsThere are two different categories of fast twitch fibres
123
What are slow twitch fibres?
Slow contraction time.
Low force of contraction.
Fatigue slowly.
They have a high capacity for use of the aerobic energy system. red in colour (due to the presence of myoglobin)
They are endurance fibres.
124
What does Supinated mean?
Limbs that are facing palm upwards.
125
Main functions of Cardiovascular System?
1. Maintain body's core temp.
2. Removal of waste products from cells
3. Fighting Infections
4. Transporting O2 and nutrients to cells
126
Main functions of Cardiovascular System?
1. Maintain body's core temp.
2. Removal of waste products from cells
3. Fighting Infections
4. Transporting O2 and nutrients to cells
127
How much blood does each person have?
Around 4-5 Litres
128
What is Blood made up of?
Red Blood Cells (RBC) - Transport Oxygen in haemoglobin's
White Blood Cells (WBC) - Fight Infections by absorbing and digesting disease causing organisms
Platelets - Produced in bone marrow and clot blood to prevent bleeding
Plasma - Made up of mostly water - fluid that blood cells, nutrients and waste float in.
129
What are Arteries?
- Carry blood away from heart
- Carry Oxygenated blood (apart from pulmonary)
- Arterioles are smaller arteries that link to capillaries.
- High pressure
130
What are Veins?
- Carry blood towards heart
- Carry deoxygenated blood (apart from pulmonary)
- Venules are smaller veins that link to capillaries
- Have valves that stop backflow
131
What are capillaries?
- Link arterioles with venules
- 1 cell thick
- Diffuse O2, CO2, Nutrients and other waste
132
How does Cardiovascular system respond to exercise?
- As intensity increases, heart needs to produce more O2
133
Acute responses to exercise?
Short-term exercise
134
Chronic adaptations to training?
Long-term exercise (6-12 weeks) will bring about chronic adaptations/changes to athletes that will assist them.
135
What is HR?
Heart Rate - Number of heart beats per minute
136
What is SV?
Stroke Volume - The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in a single beat
137
What is Q?
Cardiac Output - The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute
138
Main functions of the Respiratory System?
- Brings air from atmosphere into lungs
- Transfers O2 into the blood
- Removes CO2 from the blood
- Allows vocal cords to create speech as air is breathed out.
139
What are the 3 main parts of the Lungs?
1. The Conducting System
2. The Pleura
3. The Diaphragm
140
What does the Conducting System contain?
- Nasal Cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
141
What is the order of air flow from atmosphere to lungs?
- Nasal Cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
142
What does the Nasal Cavity do?
Filters air, warms air and makes the air moist
143
What does the Pharynx do?
Connects Nasal Cavity to the Larynx
144
What does the Larynx do?
Contains Vocal Cords
145
What does the Trachea do?
The windpipe leads air towards lungs from Nasal Cavity
146
What does the Bronchi do?
Trachea divides into 2 bronchioles leading the air.
147
What does the Bronchioles do?
Bronchi divide into series of Bronchioles leading the air.
148
What does the Alveoli do?
Tiny air sacks that exchange gasses via diffusion
149
What is the Diaphragm?
An involuntary, smooth muscle that contracts and relaxes to aid breathing.
150
What are the Intercostal Muscles?
Located between the ribs and also assist with breathing.
151
What is the Pleura?
- The membrane that covers each lung.
- Is attached to the inside of chest cavity and top of diaphragm
- Purpose is to prevent friction between lungs and surrounding body tissue.
152
What is Inspiration and how does it work?
- Inspiration = Breathing in
- Diaphragm contracts --> Intercostals raise thorax and sternum out --> Chest cavity is enlarged + pressure relaxed --> Air is draw in
153
What is Expiration and how does it work?
- Expiration = Breathing out
| - Diaphragm relaxes and forms a dome --> Chest cavity is reduced --> Pressure is increased --> Air is forced out.
154
What is RR?
Respiratory Rate - Number of breaths per minute
155
What is TV?
Tidal Volume - Volume of air breathed in or out of the lungs in a single breath
156
What is V?
Ventilation - Volume of air breathed in or out of the lungs per minute.
157
How do you calculate Ventilation?
V = TV x RR
158
How do you calculate Cardiac Output?
Q = SV x HR
159
What does the Aorta do?
Main artery - carries blood from heart to body
160
What is the Systemic Circuit?
Provides blood the the rest of the body
161
What is the Pulmonary Circuit?
Takes blood to and from the lungs
162
What is Diffusion?
Where gasses move from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure.
163
What is Gas Exchange?
Where O2 and CO2 move between bloodstream and lungs
164
What is VO2 Max?
The maximum amount of oxygen that can be taken in, delivered and utilised for aerobic energy production
165
What is the Vena Cava?
Large vein that carries blood to the heart from the systemic system.
166
2 Key differences between Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits?
Pulmonary involves a loop between the heart and the lungs and O2 is diffused into the Pulmonary circuit at the alveoli and CO2 is diffused out.
Systemic circuit involves a loop between the heart and the muscles and O2 is delivered to the muscles and CO2 is taken into the circuit via the muscles.
167
At rest, how many times would an average adult breath per minute?
15 times
168
How is the exchange of gas in the lungs possible?
Gasses move from and area of high pressure to low pressure. Cell walls in alveoli and capillaries are very thin allowing for the transport of gasses.
169
Explain how the diaphragm aids in inspiration?
The diaphragm contracts and flattens creating more space for the lungs to expand and less pressure.
170
Explain how the diaphragm aids in expiration?
The diaphragm relaxes and forms a dome shape, increasing the pressure in the lungs and forcing the air out.
171
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
172
What does ATP do?
Provides the energy for movement. (ie. a muscular contraction)
173
How much ATP is readily available for use?
About 1-2 seconds of Maximal Intensity Exercise
174
How do you get more ATP?
By Resynthesizing (replenishing) ATP and this occurs by using the fuels PC, Carbohydrates and Fats.
175
What is Rate?
How fast ATP is required
176
What is Yield?
Amount of ATP required
177
What factors affect how much energy each system contributes?
- The duration of the exercise (Yield)
- The intensity of the exercise (Rate)
- The availability of oxygen
178
What is PC (or CP)?
Phosphocreatine - Chemical Fuel
| PC is utilised rapidly and resynthesises ATP very, very quickly (but it has a small yield).
179
What are Carbohydrates (CHO's)?
- Can be utilised Anaerobically and aerobically
- They have more bonds than PC, this takes longer
so ATP is resynthesised slightly slower.
180
What are Fats?
Fats can only be utilised aerobically and
because these are ‘large’ molecules, they take a
long time to resynthesised ATP.
181
What are the two types of fats?
Free fatty Acids - Bloodstream
| Triglycerides - Stored
