I mainly used by males [informal])

I mainly used by females [softer sounding])

Adverbs N5 Flashcards by Eric Chiu

Human

人間 – (ningen)

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じんるい、人類 – (jinrui)

Humanity

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ひと、人 – (hito)

Person

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おとこ、男 – (otoko)

Male

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おとこのひと、男の人 – (otokonohito)

Man

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おとこのこ、男の子 – (otokonoko)

Boy

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おんな、女 – (onna)

Female

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おんなのひと、女の人 – (onnanohito)

Woman

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おんなのこ、女の子 – (onnanoko)

Girl

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あかちゃん、赤ちゃん – (akachan)

Baby

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わかもの、若者

young person

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わたし、私 –

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わたくし、私 –

I [most formal])

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ぼく、僕 –

I ( casual)

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おれ、俺 –

mainly used by males [informal])

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あたし、私 –

mainly used by females [softer sounding])

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しょうじょ、少女 – (shoujo)

Young girl ( up to teenage)

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しょうねん、少年 – (shounen)

Boy ( up to teenage)

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いしゃ、医者 – (isha)

Doctor

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かんごし、看護師 – nurse (kangoshi)

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かんごふ、看護婦 – female nurse (kangofu)

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しかい、歯科医、はいしゃ、歯医者 – dentist (shikai

ha-isha)

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せいじか、政治家 – politician (seijika)

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べんごし、弁護士 – lawyer (bengoshi)

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しょうぼうし、消防士 – (shouboushi)

firefighter

けいさつかん、警察官 – (keisatsukan)

police officer

へいし、兵士 – (heishi)

soldier

けんちくか、建築家 – (kenchikuka)

architect

せんせい、先生 – (sensei)

teacher

きょうし、教師 –(kyoushi)

(academic) teacher

かしゅ、歌手 – singer (kashu)

エンジニア – engineer(enjinia)

Body

あし、足、脚 – foot

leg (ashi)

かかと、踵 – heel (kakato)

すね、脛 – shin (sune)

ひざ、膝 – knee (hiza)

もも、腿 – thigh (momo)

あたま、頭 – head (atama)

かお、顔 – face (kao)

くち、口 – mouth (kuchi)

くちびる、唇 – lips (kuchibiru)

は、歯 – tooth (ha)

はな、鼻 – nose (hana)

め、目 – eye (me)

ひげ、髭、鬚、髯 – moustache

beard (hige)

かみ、髪 – hair (kami)

みみ、耳 – ear (mimi)

おなか、御腹 – stomach (onaka)

うで、腕 – arm (ude)

ひじ、肘 – elbow (hiji)

かた、肩 – shoulder (kata)

つめ、爪 – nail (tsume)

て、手 – hand (te)

てくび、手首 – wrist (tekubi)

てのひら、掌、手の平 – palm of hand (te-no-hira)

ゆび、指 – finger

toe (yubi)

しり、尻 – buttocks (shiri)

おなか、お腹（はら、腹） – abdomen (o-naka)

かんぞう、肝臓 – liver (kanzō)

きも、肝 – liver (kimo)

きんにく、筋肉 – muscle (kin'niku)

くび、首 – neck (kubi)

こころ、心 – heart [as in feelings] (kokoro)

こし、腰 – waist

hip (koshi)

しんぞう、心臓 – heart (shinzō)

せなか、背中 – back (senaka)

ち、血 – blood (chi)

にく、肉 – meat (niku)

はだ、肌、膚 – skin (hada)

ひふ、皮膚 – skin (hifu)

ほね、骨 – bone (hone)

むね、胸 – chest (mune)

かぜ、風邪 – cold [illness] (kaze)

げり、下痢 – diarrhea (geri)

びょうき、病気 – illness (byōki)

かぞく、家族 – family (kazoku)

りょうしん、両親 – parents (ryoushin)

こども、子供 – children

child (kodomo)

ちち、父 – father (chichi)("otou-san")

はは、母 – mother (haha)("okaa-san")

つま、妻 – wife (tsuma)

おっと、夫 – husband (otto)

あに、兄 – older brother (ani) (onī-san)

あね、姉 – older sister (ane) (onē-san)

おとうと、弟 – younger brother (otōto)

いもうと、妹 – younger sister (imōto)

きょうだい、兄弟 – brothers

siblings (kyōdai)

しまい、姉妹 – sisters (shimai)

そふ、祖父 – grandfather (sofu) (ojii-san)

そぼ、祖母 – grandmother (sobo) (obaa-san)

まご、孫 – grandchild (mago)

おじ、伯父、叔父 – uncle (oji) (oji-san)

おば、伯母、叔母 – aunt (oba) (oba-san)

いとこ、従兄弟、従姉妹、従兄、従弟、従姉、従妹 – cousin (itoko)

めい、姪 – niece (mei)

おい、甥 – nephew (oi)

Life

いきもの、生き物 – living creatures (ikimono)

ばけもの、化け物 – monster (bakemono)

Animals

どうぶつ、動物 – animal (dōbutsu)

チーター – cheetah (chītā)

いぬ、犬 – dog (inu)

ねこ、猫 – cat (neko)

うし、牛 – cow (ushi)

ぶた、豚 – pig (buta)

うま、馬 – horse (uma)

ひつじ、羊 – sheep (hitsuji)

さる、猿 – monkey (saru)

ねずみ、鼠 – mouse

rat (nezumi)

とら、虎 – tiger (tora)

オオカミ、狼 – wolf (ōkami)

うさぎ、兎 – rabbit (usagi)

りゅう、たつ、竜 – dragon (ryū

tatsu)

しか、鹿 – deer (shika)

かえる、蛙 – frog (kaeru)

がま、蟇 – toad (gama)

しし、獅子 – lion (shishi)

キリン、麒麟 – giraffe (kirin)

ぞう、象 – elephant (zō)

とり、鳥 – bird (tori)

にわとり、鶏 – chicken (niwatori)

すずめ、雀 – sparrow (suzume)

からす、烏 – crow

raven (karasu)

わし、鷲 – eagle (washi)

たか、鷹 – hawk

falcon (taka)

さかな、魚 – fish (sakana)

たい、鯛 – red snapper (tai)

えび、海老 – shrimp

lobster (ebi)

いわし、鰯 – sardine (iwashi)

まぐろ、鮪 – tuna (maguro)

かつお、鰹 – bonito (katsuo)

さんま、秋刀魚 – pike (sanma)

あじ、鰺 – horse mackerel (aji)

さば、鯖 – mackerel (saba)

イカ、烏賊 – squid (ika)

タコ、蛸、章魚 – octopus (tako)

むし、虫 – insect (mushi)

ちょう、蝶 – butterfly (chō)

ガ、蛾 – moth (ga)

せみ、蝉 – cicada (semi)

トンボ、蜻蛉 – dragonfly (tonbo)

バッタ、飛蝗 – grasshopper (batta)

クモ、蜘蛛 – spider (kumo)

ホタル、蛍 – firefly (hotaru)

ハエ、蝿、蠅 – housefly (hae)

カ、蚊 – mosquito

gnat (ka)

ゴキブリ、蜚蠊 – cockroach (gokiburi)

カタツムリ、蝸牛 – snail (katatsumuri)

ナメクジ、蛞蝓 – slug (namekuji)

ミミズ、蚯蚓 – earthworm (mimizu)

かい、貝 – shellfish (kai)

かいがら、貝殻 – shell (kaigara)

トカゲ、蜥蜴 – lizard (tokage)

へび、蛇 – snake (hebi)

くま、熊 – bear(kuma)

Plants

しょくぶつ、植物 - plants (shokubutsu)

くさ、草 - grass (kusa)

はな、花 - flower (hana)

み、実 - fruit (mi)

き、木 - tree (ki)

は、葉 (はっぱ、葉っぱ) - leaf (ha

happa)

ね、根 (ねっこ、根っ子) - root (ne

nekko)

くき、茎 - stem (kuki)

きのこ、茸 - mushroom (kinoko)

きく、菊 - chrysanthemum (kiku)

さくら、桜 - cherry blossom (sakura)

まつ、松 - pine tree (matsu)

うめ、梅 - japanese plum or apricot (ume)

Crops

こめ、米 – uncooked rice (kome)

いね、稲 – rice growing in a field (ine)

むぎ、麦 – wheat

barley ## Footnote oats (mugi)

やさい、野菜 – vegetable (yasai)

くだもの、果物 – fruit for eating (kudamono)

いも、芋 – yam

potato ## Footnote taro (imo)

まめ、豆 – beans

peas (mame)

だいこん、大根 – Japanese white radish (daikon)

にんじん、人参 – carrot (ninjin)

リンゴ、林檎 – apple (ringo)

ミカン、蜜柑 – mandarin orange (mikan)

バナナ、かんしょう、甘蕉 – banana (banana

kanshō)

ナシ、梨 – pear (nashi)

クリ、栗 – chestnut tree (kuri)

モモ、桃 – peach (momo)

トマト、ばんか、蕃茄 – tomato (tomato

banka)

スイカ、西瓜 – watermelon (suika

たべもの、食べ物 - food (tabemono)

ちょうしょく、朝食 - breakfast (chōshoku

asagohan)

ひるごはん、昼御飯 - lunch (hirugohan)

ばんごはん、晩御飯 - dinner (bangohan)

ごはん、御飯 - cooked rice or meal (gohan)

みそ、味噌 - miso (miso)

りょうり、料理 - cooking (ryōri)

サラダ - salad (sarada)

デザート - dessert (dezāto)

パン - bread (pan)

サンドイッチ - sandwich (sandoitchi)

おやつ、間食 - snack (oyatsu

kanshoku)

アイスクリーム - ice cream (aisukurīmu)

たこやき、たこ焼き - octopus dumpling (takoyaki)

Drink

のみもの、飲み物 - drink/beverage (nomimono)

ちゃ、茶 - tea (cha)

おちゃ、お茶 - green tea (ocha)

コーヒー、珈琲 - coffee (kōhī)

ぎゅうにゅう、牛乳 - milk (gyūnyū)

みず、水 - water (mizu)

ビール - beer (bīru)

ワイン - wine (wain)

Seasoning

さとう、砂糖 - sugar (satō)

しお、塩 - salt (shio)

しょうゆ、醤油 - soy sauce (shōyu)

Time

じかん、時間 – time (jikan)

とき、じ、時 – ~hours (toki

ji)

こよみ、カレンダー、暦 – calendar (koyomi

karendā)

ふん、分 – minute (fun)

びょう、秒 – second (byō)

ひ、にち、日 – day (hi

nichi)

つき、がつ、月 – month (tsuki

gatsu)

(# -gatsu / (January

1st Month): Ichi- ## Footnote Ni- San- Shi- Go- Roku- Shichi- Hachi- Ku- Jyu- JyuIchi- JyuNi- (December 12th Month)

とし、ねん、年 – year (toshi

nen)

(Last year: kyonen

this year: kotoshi ## Footnote next year: rainen)

きのう、さくじつ、昨日 – yesterday (kinō

sakujitsu)

きょう、今日 – today (kyō)

あした、あす、みょうにち、明日 – tomorrow (ashita

asu ## Footnote myōnichi)

あさ、朝 – morning (asa)

(Yesterday morning: kinou no asa

this morning: kesa ## Footnote tomorrow morning: ashita no asa)

ひる、昼 – afternoon (hiru)

ゆうがた、夕方 – evening (yūgata)

ばん、晩 – evening (ban)

よる、夜 – evening

night (yoru)

ようび、曜日 – ~day (yōbi)

しゅう、週 – week (shū)

(Last week: senshū

this week: konshū ## Footnote next week: raishū)

いっしゅうかん、一週間 – one week (isshūkan)

Week Days

にちようび、日曜日 – Sunday (nichi-yōbi)

げつようび、月曜日 – Monday (getsu-yōbi)

かようび、火曜日 – Tuesday (ka-yōbi)

すいようび、水曜日 – Wednesday (sui-yōbi)

もくようび、木曜日 – Thursday (moku-yōbi)

きんようび、金曜日 – Friday (kin-yōbi)

どようび、土曜日 – Saturday (do-yōbi)

Weather

たいよう、太陽 – sun (taiyō)

つき、月 – moon (tsuki)

ほし、星 – star (hoshi)

てんき、天気 – weather (tenki)

はれ、晴れ – clear weather (hare)

あめ、雨 – rain (ame)

くもり、曇り – cloudy (kumori)

ゆき、雪 – snow (yuki)

かぜ、風 – wind (kaze)

かみなり、雷 – thunder

lightning (kaminari)

たいふう、台風 – typhoon (taifū)

あらし、嵐 – storm (arashi)

そら、空 – sky (sora)

きた、北 – north (kita)

ひがし、東 – east (higashi)

みなみ、南 – south (minami)

にし、西 – west (nishi)

ここ – here (koko)

そこ – there (soko)

あそこ – over there (asoko)

みぎ、右 – right (migi)

ひだり、左 – left (hidari)

うえ、上 – above

up (ue)

した、下 – below

down (shita)

まえ、前 – front (mae)

うしろ、後 – behind (ushiro)

むこう、向こう – the other side

opposite side (mukō)

ななめ、斜め – diagonal (naname)

てまえ、手前 – nearer

more in front (temae)

とおい、遠い – far (tooi)

ちかい、近い – near

close (chikai)

Materials

みず、水 – water (mizu)

ゆ、湯 – hot water (yu)

こおり、氷 – ice (kōri)

ゆげ、湯気 – steam (yuge)

ひ、火 – fire (hi)

ガス – gas (gasu)

くうき、空気 – air

atmosphere (kūki)

つち、土 – earth

ground (tsuchi)

きんぞく、金属 – metal

metallic (kinzoku)

どろ、泥 – mud

mire ## Footnote clay plaster (doro)

けむり、煙 – smoke

tobacco ## Footnote opium (kemuri)

てつ、鉄 – iron [Fe] (tetsu)

どう、銅 – copper [Cu] (dō)

きん、金 – gold [Au]; money (kin)

ぎん、銀 – silver [Ag]; wealth (gin)

なまり、鉛 – lead [Pb] (namari)

しお、塩 – salt [NaCl] (shio)

Weights and measures

メートル – meter (mētoru)

リットル – litre (rittoru)

グラム – gram (guramu)

キロ – kilo- (kiro)

ミリ – milli- (miri)

センチメートル、センチ – centimeter (senchi)

インチ – inch (inchi)

Society

しゃかい、社会 – society (shakai)

けいざい、経済 – economy

economics (keizai)

かいしゃ、会社 – company (kaisha)

かいぎ、会議 – meeting (kaigi)

がっこう、学校 – school (gakkō)

やくしょ、役所 – local government office (yakusho)

みせ、店 – store (mise)

ホテル – hotel (hoteru)

こうじょう、工場 – factory (kōjō)

かね、金 – money (kane

most commonly o-kane)

さつ、札 – bill [of money

e.g. ## Footnote a thousand-yen bill] (satsu)

こぜに、小銭 – small change (kozeni)

つりせん、釣り銭、おつり、お釣り – change (tsurisen)

change (o-tsuri)

じどうはんばいき、自動販売機 – vending machine

slot machine (jidōhanbaiki)

きっぷ、切符 – ticket (public transport

fine) (kippu)

きって、切手 – stamp (kitte)

Human made objects

Home

つくえ、机 – desk (tsukue)

いす、椅子 – chair

position (isu)

たたみ、畳 – a tatami mat (tatami)

と、戸 – door

family (to)

とびら、扉 – door panel (tobira)

ドア – door (doa)

まど、窓 – window (mado)

ふとん、布団 – futon (futon)

げんかん、玄関 – entrance (genkan)

いえ、家 – house

home (ie)

エレベーター – elevator (erebētā)

エスカレーター – escalator (esukarētā)

でんき、電気 – electricity (denki)

Tools

くぎ、釘 – nail

spike (kugi)

ひも、紐 – string

cord (himo)

なわ、縄 – rope

string (nawa)

ふくろ、袋 – pocket

bag (fukuro)

かばん、鞄 – leather bag (kaban)

かさ、傘 – umbrella

parasol (kasa)

かぎ、鍵 – door bolt

key (kagi)

ちょうこく、彫刻 – sculpture

engraving (chōkoku)

Stationery

ぶんぼうぐ、文房具 – stationery (bunbōgu)

インク – ink (inku)

ペン – pen (pen)

ボールペン – ball-point pen (bōrupen)

まんねんひつ、万年筆 – fountain pen (mannenhitsu)

えんぴつ、鉛筆 – pencil (enpitsu)

ふで、筆 – brush for writing or painting (fude)

チョーク – chalk (chōku)

けしゴム、消しゴム – eraser (keshigomu)

えんぴつけずり、鉛筆削り – pencil sharpener (enpitsu-kezuri)

じょうぎ、定規 – ruler (jōgi)

ノート – notebook (nōto)

にっき、日記 – diary (nikki)

カバー – book cover (kabā)

ふうとう、封筒 – envelope (fūtō)

はさみ、鋏 – scissors (hasami)

ホッチキス – stapler (hotchikisu)

Clothes

ふく、服 – clothes (fuku)

ようふく、洋服 – western clothing (yōfuku)

きもの、着物 – kimono (kimono)

わふく、和服 – Japanese clothing (wafuku)

そで、袖 – sleeve (sode)

えり、襟 – lapel

collar (eri)

ボタン – button (botan)

チャック、ファスナー、ジッパー – zipper

zipper fastener (chakku ## Footnote fasunā jippā)

ベルト – belt (beruto)

くつ、靴 – shoe (kutsu)

くつした、靴下 – sock (kutsushita)

めがね、眼鏡 – glasses (megane)

Transport

てつどう、鉄道 – railway (tetsudō)

えき、駅 – station (eki)

ひこうき、飛行機 – airplane (hikōki)

くうこう、空港（ひこうじょう、飛行場） – airport (kūkō

hikōjō)

みち、道 – street

way ## Footnote road (michi)

どうろ、道路 – road (dōro)

バスてい、バス停 – bus-stop (basutei)

とおり、通り – avenue (tōri)

でんしゃ、電車 – train (densha)

くるま、車 (じどうしゃ、自動車) – car (kuruma

jidōsha)

じてんしゃ、自転車 –　bicycle (Jitensha)

Language

もじ、文字 – letter

character ## Footnote script (moji)

じ、字 – a letter

character (ji)

かんじ、漢字 – Chinese character (kanji)

ひらがな、平仮名 – hiragana syllabary characters (hiragana)

カタカナ、片仮名 – katakana syllabary characters (katakana)

すうじ、数字 – numbers (sūji)

アルファベット – alphabet (arufabetto)

ローマ字 – Roman characters

Latin script (rōmaji)

がいこくご、外国語 – foreign language (gaikokugo)

にほんご、日本語（こくご、国語） – Japanese [language] (nihongo)

えいご、英語 – English [language] (eigo)

ちゅうごくご、中国語 – Chinese [language] (chūgokugo)

どいつご、ドイツ語 – German [language] (doitsugo)

すぺいんご、スペイン語 – Spanish [language] (supeingo)

ふらんすご、フランス語 – French [language] (furansugo)

ちょうせんご、朝鮮語、かんこくご、韓国語 – Korean [language]

South Korean [language] (chōsengo ## Footnote kankokugo)

Media

ほん、本 – book (hon)

かみ、紙 – paper (kami)

てがみ、手紙 – letter (tegami)

しんぶん、新聞 – newspaper (shinbun)

じしょ、辞書 – dictionary (jisho)

パソコン – personal computer (pasokon)

Colors

いろ、色 – color (iro

shikisai)

あか、赤 – red (aka)

きいろ、黄色 – yellow (kiiro)

みどり、緑 – green (midori)

あお、青 – blue (ao)

むらさき、紫 – purple (murasaki

murasakiiro)

しろ、白 – white (shiro)

くろ、黒 – black (kuro)

ピンク – pink (pinku)

ちゃいろ、茶色 – brown (chairo)

はいいろ、灰色、ねずみいろ、鼠色 – grey (haiiro

nezumiiro)

オレンジ – orange (orenji)

Others

え、絵 – picture (e)

おんがく、音楽 – music (ongaku)

りか、理科 – science (rika)

さんすう、算数 – arithmetic (sansū)

れきし、歴史 – history (rekishi)

ちり、地理 – geography (chiri)

たいいく、体育 – physical education (taiiku)

スポーツ – sport (supōtsu)

システム – system (shisutemu)

じょうほう、情報 – information

news (jōhō)

ひつよう、必要 – necessity (hitsuyō)

べんきょう、勉強 – study (benkyō)

いらい、依頼 – request (irai)

Numbers

れい、ゼロ、零 – zero (rei

zero)

いち、一 – one (ichi)

に、二 – two (ni)

さん、三 – three (san)

よん、し、四 – four (yon

shi)

ご、五 – five (go)

ろく、六 – six (roku)

なな、しち、七 – seven (nana

shichi)

はち、八 – eight (hachi)

きゅう、く、九 – nine (kyū

ku)

じゅう、十 – ten (jū)

ひゃく、百 – hundred (hyaku)

せん、千 – thousand (sen)

まん、万 – ten thousand (man)

おく、億 – one hundred million (oku)

ひとつ、一つ – one

one thing (hitotsu)

ふたつ、二つ – two

two things (futatsu)

みっつ、三つ – three

three things (mittsu)

よっつ、四つ – four

four things (yottsu)

いつつ、五つ – five

five things (itsutsu)

むっつ、六つ – six

six things (muttsu)

ななつ、七つ – seven

seven things (nanatsu)

やっつ、八つ – eight

eight things (yattsu)

ここのつ、九つ – nine

nine things (kokonotsu)

とお、十 – ten

ten things (tō)

Abstract nouns

これ – this

it (kore)

それ – that (sore)

あれ – that over there (are)

どれ – which (dore)

こちら、こっち – this direction

thing ## Footnote person or place (kochira kocchi)

そちら、そっち – that direction

thing ## Footnote person or place (sochira socchi)

あちら、あっち – that direction

thing ## Footnote person or place over there (achira acchi)

どちら、どっち – which direction

thing ## Footnote person or place (dochira docchi)

ひみつ、秘密 – secret (himitsu)

じどう、自動 – automatic (jidō)

ないよう、内容 – content (naiyō)

はば、幅 – width

breadth ## Footnote free room difference (between two substances) (haba)

せいしき、正式 – formality (seishiki)

けっこん、結婚 – marriage (kekkon)

げんざい、現在 – now (genzai)

いま、今 – now (ima)

かこ、過去 – past (kako)

みらい、未来 – future (mirai)

Adjectives

Forms

いい、よい、良い – good (ii

yoi)

すごい、凄い – amazing (sugoi)

すばらしい、素晴らしい – wonderful (subarashii)

わるい、悪い – bad

inferior (warui)

たかい、高い – expensive

high (takai)

ひくい、低い – low (hikui)

やすい、安い – cheap (yasui)

おおきい、大きい – big (ōkii)

ちいさい、小さい – small (chiisai)

ほそい、細い – thin (hosoi)

ふとい、太い – thick (futoi)

ふるい、古い – old (furui)

あたらしい、新しい – new (atarashii)

わかい、若い – young (wakai)

かるい、軽い – light

easy (karui)

おもい、重い – heavy (omoi)

やさしい、易しい – easy

simple (yasashii)

むずかしい、難しい – difficult (muzukashii)

やわらかい、柔らかい – soft (yawarakai)

かたい、硬い、堅い – hard (katai)

あつい、熱い、暑い – hot (atsui)

つめたい、冷たい – cold (tsumetai)

さむい、寒い – cold (samui) as in cold weather

おいしい、美味しい – delicious (oishii)

うまい、美味い、旨い – delicious

appetizing (umai)

まずい、不味い – tastes awful (mazui)

あまい、甘い – sweet (amai)

からい、辛い – hot [spicy] (karai)

しょっぱい、塩っぱい – salty (shoppai)

にがい、苦い – bitter (nigai)

うつくしい、美しい – beautiful (utsukushii)

Feelings

うれしい、嬉しい – happy (ureshii)

たのしい、楽しい – fun (tanoshii)

かなしい、悲しい – sad (kanashii)

さびしい、寂しい、淋しい – lonely (sabishii)

さみしい、寂しい、淋しい - sad

lonely (samishii)

こわい、怖い、恐い – scary (kowai)

いたい、痛い – painful (itai)

かゆい、痒い – itchy (kayui)

くさい、臭い – stinky (kusai)

つらい、辛い – painful

heart-breaking (tsurai)

する – to do (suru)

やる – to do (yaru)

Existence

いる – to exist [for animate objects] (iru)

ある – to exist [for inanimate objects] (aru)

なる – to become (naru)

おこる、起こる、興る – to occur (okoru)

あらわれる、現れる – to appear (arawareru)

いきる、生きる – to live (ikiru)

うむ、生む、産む – to give birth (umu)

しぬ、死ぬ – to die (shinu)

こわれる、壊れる – to breakin (kowareru)

in intransitive sense

Movement

いく、行く – to go (iku)

くる、来る – to come (kuru)

かえる、帰る、返る – to return (kaeru)

あるく、歩く – to walk (aruku)

とぶ、飛ぶ – to jump

to fly (tobu)

およぐ、泳ぐ – to swim (oyogu)

Actions

うごく、動く – to movein (ugoku)

おどる、踊る – to dance (odoru)

ねる、寝る – to sleep (neru)

うたう、歌う – to sing (utau)

かむ、噛む – to bite (kamu)

たべる、食べる – to eat (taberu)

のむ、飲む – to drink (nomu)

さわる、触る – to touch (sawaru)

なげる、投げる – to throw (nageru)

もつ、持つ – to hold (motsu)

うつ、打つ – to hit

to strike (utsu)

なぐる、殴る – to hit

to strike (naguru)

さす、指す – to point (sasu)

さす、刺す – to stab (sasu)

さす、差す – to raise or extend one's hands (sasu)

ける、蹴る – to kick (keru)

すわる、座る – to sit (suwaru)

たつ、立つ – to stand (tatsu)

はしる、走る – to run (hashiru)

Changes of state

あく、空く – to become unoccupied (aku)

こむ、込む – to be crowded (komu)

いる、要る – to need (iru)

かわく、乾く – to become dry (kawaku)

みだす、乱す - to disturb

to disarrange (midasu)

みだれる、乱れる - to be disturbed

to become confused (midareru)

つかえる、仕える - to serve

to work for (tsukaeru)

そなわる、備わる - to be furnished with (sonawaru)

すぐれる、優れる - to excel

to surpass (sugureru)

ひえる、冷える - to grow cold

to get chilly ## Footnote to cool down (hieru)

さめる、覚める - to wake

to become sober ## Footnote to be disillusioned (sameru)

さめる、冷める - to cool down (sameru)

むく、向く - to face

to turn toward (muku)

たおれる、倒れる - to fall

to collapse (taoreru)

かたまる、固まる - to harden

to solidify ## Footnote to become firm (katamaru)

うまる、埋まる - to be filled

to be surrounded ## Footnote to overflow (umaru)

うもれる、埋もれる - to be buried

to be covered (umoreru)

ます、増す - to increase

to grow (masu)

ふえる、増える - to increase

to multiply (fueru)

へる、減る - to decrease (heru)

はずれる、外れる - to deviate (hazureru)

ふとる、太る - to grow fat (futoru)

はじまる、始まる - to begin (hajimaru)

おわる、終わる - to finish

to close (owaru)

きめる、決める - to decide (kimeru)

Senses

みる、見る – to see (miru)

きく、聞く、聴く – to hear

to listen (kiku)

さわる、触る – to touch

to feel (sawaru)

かぐ、嗅ぐ – to smell (kagu)

Speech

いう、言う – to say (iu)

はなす、話す – to speak (hanasu)

かたる、語る – to tell (kataru)

かく、書く – to write (kaku)

よむ、読む – to read (yomu)

Work

つかう、使う – to use (tsukau)

つくる、作る、造る、創る – to make (tsukuru)

なおす、直す、治す – to fix

repair (naosu)

すてる、捨てる – to discard

throw away (suteru)

とる、取る、撮る、採る – to take (toru)

おく、置く – to put (oku)

Emotions

かなしむ、悲しむ、哀しむ – to be sad (kanashimu)

なく、泣く – to cry (naku)

わらう、笑う – to laugh (warau)

おこる、怒る – to be angry (okoru)

ほめる、褒める – to encourage (homeru)

しかる、叱る – to scold (shikaru)

よろこぶ、喜ぶ – to celebrate

to be jubilant ## Footnote to have joy to have delight to have rapture (yorokobu)

よろこび、喜び – joy

delight ## Footnote rapture (yorokobi)

なぐさめる、慰める – to console

to consolate ## Footnote to provide empathy (nagusameru)

あきる、飽きる – to be disinterested

to be bored ## Footnote to be tired of to be weary (akiru)

おどろく、驚く – to be astonished

to be surprised ## Footnote to be scared (odoroku)

Activities

あう、会う – to meet

to interview (au)

あける、開ける – to opentr

to unwraptr (akeru)

あそぶ、遊ぶ – to play (asobu)

あつまる、集まる – to gatherin (atsumaru)

うる、売る – to sell (uru)

える、得る – to obtain [some benefit or knowledge] (eru)

おる、折る – to breaktr

to foldtr (oru)

かう、買う – to buy (kau)

きる、切る – to cut (kiru)†

きる、着る – to wear [on the upper body] (kiru)

はく、履く – to wear [on the lower body] (haku)

かえる、変える – to changetr (kaeru)

かえる、代える – to exchange

to substitute ## Footnote to replace (kaeru)

しめる、閉める – to closetr (shimeru)

しめる、締める – to tie

to fasten (shimeru)

しめる、占める – to comprise

to account for (shimeru)

しる、知る – to know (shiru)†

つかれる、疲れる – to get tired (tsukareru)

でかける、出掛ける – to go out

to depart (dekakeru)

はたらく、働く – to work [e.g.

at a job] (hataraku)

はなす、放す、離す – to let go of (hanasu)

やすむ、休む – to rest

to take a break ## Footnote to go to bed (yasumu)

わかれる、分かれる – to split intoin

to be divided (wakareru)

わかれる、別れる – to partin

to separatein ## Footnote to break upin (wakareru)

tr transitive sense

in intransitive sense

† conjugates as a u-verb

Adverbs

もう – already (mō)

まだ – still

yet (mada)

ずっと – always (zutto)

とても – very (totemo)

こう – like this (kō)

そう – like that (sō)

ああ – in that other way (ā)

どう – how (dō)

しばしば – often (shibashiba)

Pre-noun adjectival

この – this (kono)

その – that (sono)

あの – that (ano)

どの – which (dono)

Interjections

はい – yes (hai)

いいえ – no (iie)

Conjunctions

でも - but (demo)

しかし – but

however (shikashi)

そして – and then

Then… (soshite)

それに – besides (soreni)

なぜなら – that is because

being because (nazenara)

Terminations of verbs

う、よう – volitional ending [う for u-verbs

よう for ru-verbs]: "Let's…" or "I will" (u ## Footnote yō)

せる、させる – causative ending [せる for u-verbs

させる for ru-verbs]: to make [someone do something] ## Footnote to allow (seru saseru)

れる、られる – passive verb ending [れる for u-verbs

られる for ru-verbs]: to be [e.g. ## Footnote 食べられる "to be eaten"] (reru rareru)

そうだ – indicates that it seems the verb occurs [e.g.

"It seems he ate"] (sōda)

た – informal past-tense (ta)

たい – indicates desire to perform verb (tai)

だろう – indicates that it seems the verb occurs; also used to ask whether the verb occurs (darō)

ない、ん – informal negative (nai

n) [ん is a slurred version and sounds a little masculine]

ぬ – archaic informal negative ["he hath"

"thou didst" ## Footnote etc.] (nu)

ます – formal non-past ending (masu)

Particles

Case

が – subject marker

but (ga)

で – at

by (de)

と – and

with (to)

に – indirect object marker (ni)

の – possession marker

of (no)

へ – to (e) [Note: へ is normally read he

but when used as this particle its reading changes to e]

まで – to (made)

から – from (kara)

より – than (yori)

を – direct object marker (o)

Conjunctive

および、及び – and; as well as (oyobi)

か – whether (ka)

かも – might be

possible that (kamo)

そして – and then (soshite)

それとも – or (soretomo)

だの – things like

including ## Footnote such things as (dano)

つつ – ongoing occurrence (tsutsu) [similar to ながら but has different tone

and both actions have equal weight]

て – te form of verb or adjective [see explanation]

と – when

if ## Footnote that (to)

ながら – while

though ## Footnote both (nagara)

ならびに – as well as (narabini)

なり – whether or not (nari)

に – to

by (ni)

の – possession (no)

ので – so (node)

また、又 – also

again (mata)

または、又は – or alternatively (matawa)

も – also

too (mo)

や – and (ya)

こそ – emphasis (koso)

さえ – even (sae)

しか – only (shika)

すら – even (sura)

くらい、ぐらい – approximately

about (kurai)

だけ – only

as much as (dake)

だって – however (datte)

ったら – casual topic marker (ttara) [colloquial form of to ittara (if you refer to ~; as for ~)

って – said that (tte)

でも – also

or (demo)

どころ – (particle used to indicate that what precedes it is an extreme example and strongly negates it) (dokoro)

など – for example (nado)

なら – if [for verbs]; subject marker [for nouns] (nara)

なんか – casual undervalue

dislike ## Footnote lack (nanka)

なんて – casual undervalue

dislike ## Footnote lack (nante)

は – topic marker (wa) [although ha is the hiragana used

wa is the pronunciation)

ばかり、ばっかり – just

full of ## Footnote only (bakari)

まで – until (made)

も – too

also (mo)

I’ll pass

やめとく、やめときます

Adverbs N5 Flashcards

(741 cards)