Adverse drug reactions

Question 1

An effect of a drug maybe altered by the presence of?

Answer 1

Another drug, substance, medicine, medical condition, herbal medicines, alcohol, tobacco

Question 2

Pharmacokinetic interactions..

Answer 2

Absorption of one drug is altered by another drug
Distribution of one drug is altered by another drug - protein displacement or altered cell transport
Metabolism is increased or decreased by another drug
Cytochrome p450 enzymes?
Metabolites/ inducers or inhibitors
Elimination of one drug is increased or decreased by another drug

Question 3

What is enterohepatic re-circulation?

Answer 3

Enterohepatic circulation is responsible for the capture of bile acids and other steroids produced or metabolised in the liver and secreted to the intestine, for reabsorption back into the circulation and transport back to the liver.

Question 4

What is a anticholinergic drug?

Answer 4

Anticholinergic medications are drugs that block and inhibit the activity of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) at both central and peripheral nervous system synapses. Anticholinergics are commonly used medications to help with a variety of conditions like overactive bladder, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), asthma, Parkinson’s disease, dizziness and motion sickness.

Question 5

What is an ADR?

Answer 5

Any untoward medical occurrence that maybe present during treatment with a pharmaceutical treatment

Question 6

What does idiosyncratic mean?

Answer 6

Unpredictable and at a normal therapeutic dose

Question 7

How many classes of drug reactions? Explain each ..?

Answer 7

A- augmented ( constipation/ opiate, diarrhoea/ laxatives)
B- bizarre ( not predictable or related to medication) (idiosyncratic) (Stevens- Johnson syndrome) ( statins/muscle problems, paroxetine/liver failure)
C - continuing (apparent with long term use)
D- delayed. Manifest after months or years after exposure. Carcinogenic affects.
E- end of treatment (rebound angina after discontinuation)