Adverse Drug Reactions Flashcards
(26 cards)
What is an xenobiotic
Foreign substance that enters the body
What happens if an xenobiotic is not removed from the body
It reaches toxic levels in the plasma
What processes remove xenobiotics?
Metabolism, excretion and bio-transformation
When was the yellow card scheme created
1964
How many phases to drug development?
4 (IV)
What is a type A drug reaction
Augmented reactions resulting from an exaggeration of the drugs normal actions.
Usually dose-Dependent, predictable and will occur in everyone if the dose in sufficient
What is a Type B drug reaction
Bizzarre reactions - not expected from the drugs known pharmacological action- unpredictable and not dose dependent
Common + predictable =
Preventable
Does Type A have a dose relationship?
Yes
Does Type B have a dose relationship?
No
How common are Type A reactions
Common - 75%
How common are Type B reactions
Rare
What is the mortality is Type A
Lower
What is the mortality rate of Type B
Higher
What is the morbidity of Type A
Higher
What is the morbidity of Type B
Lower
What is the treatment for Type A reaction
Stop/reduce dose
What is the treatment of Type B
Stop drug
What is the estimated risk of a peptic ulcer in the elderly receiving NSAIDs
4.1
Adverse reactions for NSAIDs
GI bleed, peptic ulceration, haemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident, renal impairment, wheezing, rash
NSAID drugs
Asprin, diclofenac, ibuprofen, rofecoxib, celecoxib, ketoprofen, naproxen
Carbamazepine, phenobarbitone, phenytoin, phenytoin, rifampicin, chronic ethanol consumption, smoking, barbecued meat, st Johns wort
Are all what???
Enzyme inducing agents
Cimetidine Ciprofloxacin Co-trimoxazole Erythomycin + clarithromycin Ketoconazole and other imidazole anitfungals Grapefruit juice
Are all what???
Enzyme inhibiting agents
Warfarin Carbamazepine Ciclosporin Phenytoin Theophylline Low-dose oral contraceptives
All what?
Commonly interact - can affect epilepsy, anticoagulation and contraception
