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Year 3 Med Revision > Adverse Drugs Effect > Flashcards

Adverse Drugs Effect Flashcards

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1
Q

Mode of action of ACE inhibitors?

A

Inhibits angiotensin I -> angiotensin II
Breaks down bradykinin

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2
Q

Side effects of ACE inhibitors?

A

Dry cough
Hyperkalaemia
Renal impairment
Foetal Injury

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3
Q

Mode of action of Thiazide diuretics?

A

Decrease Sodium + Chloride absorption in DCT

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4
Q

Side effects of Thiazide diuretics?

A

Gout -> hyperuricaemia
Hypokalaemia
Hyponatremia
Metabolic alkalosis
Hypercalcaemia
Hyperglycaemia

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5
Q

Mode of action of CCBs?

A

Stop calcium entering cells of hearts and arteries so decreases vascular tone

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6
Q

Side effects of CCBs?

A

Ankle oedema
Headache
Palpitations
Constipation

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6
Q

Mode of action of Beta Blockers?

A

Inhibits Beta-1 Receptors so that Adrenaline and Noradrenaline cannot have their effects.
Causes heart to beat more slowly and with less force

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7
Q

Side effects of Beta Blockers?

A

Bronchospasm
Hypotension
Bradycardia

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8
Q

Mode of action of Metformin?

A

Activation of AMPK -> inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis and opposing the action of glucagon.

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9
Q

Side effects of Metformin?

A

Lactic Acidosis
GI symptoms

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10
Q

Mode of action of Sulfonylureas?

A

Inhibits the VGKCs of pancreatic beta cells -> ultimately resulting in insulin release

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11
Q

Side effects of Sulfonylureas?

A

Hypoglycaemia
Weight gain

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12
Q

Mode of action of SGLT-2 inhibitors?

A

Prevents reabsorption of glucose in PCT

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13
Q

Side effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors?

A

UTIs
Thrush
Can worsen DKA

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14
Q

Mode of action of Lamotrigine?

A

FIRST LINE FOR FOCAL SEIZURES
Sodium Channel Blocker

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15
Q

Side Effects of Lamotrigine?

A

Steven Johnson Syndrome
Suicidal thoughts

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16
Q

Mode of action of Sodium Valproate?

A

FIRST LINE FOR GENERALISED SEIZURES
Sodium channel blocker and increased GABA

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17
Q

Side effects of Sodium Valproate?

A

Teratogenic
Neural tube defects
Hepatotoxicity
Pancreatitis

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18
Q

Name the drugs used in the treatment of Tuberculosis.

A

RIPE
Rifampicin
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol

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19
Q

Side effects of Rifampicin?

A

Orange secretions
Haemolysis

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20
Q

Side effects of Isoniazid?

A

Peripheral Neuropathy
Drug induced Lupus

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21
Q

Side effects of Pyrazinamide?

A

Gout -> hyperuricaemia
Arthralgia
Liver Toxicity

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22
Q

Side effects of Ethambutol?

A

Optic neuritis
Colour blindness
Avoid in CKD

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23
Q

Mode of action of Glucocorticoids?

A

Anti-inflammatory
Inhibition of cytokines

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24
Give some examples of Glucocorticoids
Prednisolone Dexamethasone Fluticasone Mometasone Budesonide (last 3 used in asthma)
25
Side effects of Glucocorticoids?
CUSHINOID Ulcers Immunosuppression Hypertension Adrenal suppression Hyperglycaemia Infection Necrosis Glycosuria Osteoporosis Dyspepsia Depression Glaucoma Raised WCC Cataracts Intracranial HTN
26
Mode of action of NSAIDs?
Anti-inflammatory Inhibition of COX
27
Side effects of NSAIDs
STOMACH ULCERS Possible Nephritis Chronic renal failure
28
What is Amiodarone used for?
Treatment of arrhythmias
29
Side effects of Amiodarone?
Hypothyroidism Thyrotoxicosis Corneal deposits Stevens-Johnson Liver failure Pneumonitis Pulmonary fibrosis
30
What is Lithium used to treat?
Bipolar Disorder (works as an anti-psychotic)
31
Side effects of Lithium?
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus Confusion + blackouts Difficulty speaking Muscle weakness/twitches/jerks/spasms
32
Mode of action of Diazepam?
Increases Chloride ion influx in response to GABA
33
Side effects of Diazepam?
Haemolytic anaemia Jaundice Respiratory depression
34
Mode of action of Sitagliptin?
DPP-4 inhibitor Increases incretins which then stimulate production of insulin when it's needed
35
Side effects of Sitagliptin?
Upper Respiratory Infection Allergic reaction Avoid in pancreatitis
36
Side effects of SSRIs?
GI effects (nausea, diarrhoea) Sexual dysfunction Anxiety + agitation Insomnia QT interval prolongation (Citalopram) Hyponatremia Gastric Ulcer
37
Side effects of ARBs?
Hyperkalaemia Foetal injury
38
Mode of action of Salbutamol?
Agonist at Beta-2 receptor Reduces Ca2+ entry and prevents smooth muscle contraction
39
Side effects of Salbutamol?
Palpitation Tachycardia Arrhythmias Hypokalaemia
40
Mode of action of Montelukast?
Antagonism of CysLT1 leukotriene receptor. Decreases eosinophil migration, broncho-constriction + inflammation induced oedema
41
Side effects of Montelukast?
Mood changes Anaphylaxis
42
Mode of action of Statins?
Selective competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA
43
Side effects of Statins?
Muscle toxicity
44
Mode of action of Gentamicin?
Binds to bacterial ribosomal unit and disrupts translation. Leading to formation of dysfunctional proteins
45
Side effects of Gentamicin?
Ototoxicity Nephrotoxicity
46
Mode of action of Spironolactone?
Aldosterone antagonist
47
Side effects of Spironolactone?
Hyperkalaemia Renal impairment Gynaecomastia Changes in libido
48
Mode of action of Furosemide?
Loop diuretic
49
Side effects of Furosemide?
Hypotension Hyponatremia/kalaemia
50
Mode of action of Hydralazine/Nitrate?
Relax vascular smooth muscle promoting vasodilation
51
Side effects of Hydralazine/Nitrate?
Headache Palpitation Flushing
52
Mode of action of Digoxin?
Increase in intracellular sodium that will drive an influx of calcium in the heart and cause an increase in contractility
53
Side effects of Digoxin?
Dizziness Blurred vision GI disturbances
54
Side effects of SNRIs?
Nausea Insomnia Increased HR Agitation
55
Side effects of NASSA e.g. Mirtazapine?
Sedation Increased appetite Weight gain Constipation/diarrhoea
56
Side effects of Tricyclic anti-depressants?
Urinary retention Drowsiness Blurred vision Constipation Dry mouth
57
Side effects of Monoamine Oxidase inhibitors?
Hypertensive reactions with Tyramine-containing foods e.g. pickled herring, Bovril, OXO, marmite, cheese + salami
58
Side effects of bisphosphonates e.g. alendronic acid?
Oesophagitis Oesophageal ulcers Erosions + strictures Hypocalcaemia Osteonecrosis of jaw/auditory canal
59
How do you reduce the side effects of Bisphosphonates?
Tablets given whole with LOTS OF WATER. Taken on an empty stomach at least 30min before breakfast. Patients should remain seated/upright for 30 minutes
60
Mode of action of Methotrexate?
Folic acid inhibitor
61
Side effects of Methotrexate?
GI disturbance Folate deficiency Immunosuppression Pulmonary fibrosis Liver toxicity Interstitial pneumonitis Rash Teratogenicity
62
Side effects of Sulfalazine?
Myelosuppression Nausea Rash Oral ulcers Decreased sperm count
63
Side effects of Hydroxychloroquine?
Retinopathy Rash
64
Side effects of Biologic Therapy?
Immunosuppression Reactivation of TB Allergic reaction
65
Side effects of Gold?
Myelosuppression Renal toxicity (nephrotic syndrome) Mouth ulcers Photosensitivity Chrysiasis (skin discolouration)
66
Consequences of Anti-platelet therapy?
Bleeding Bruising GI side effects (particularly NSAIDs) Haemorrhagic stroke Surgical complications
67
Name some Anticoagulants
Warfarin Heparin DOAC e.g. Apixaban/Rivaroxaban Low Molecular Weight Heparin e.g. Enoxaparin
68
When are Anti-Coagulants and Anti-Platelets contraindicated?
Active bleeding High risk of bleeding (recent major surgery, trauma or intracranial malignancy, peptic ulcer, GI bleed history) Severe renal impairment or liver disease Uncontrolled HTN Pregnancy Thrombocytopenia
69
Side effects of Heparin?
Haemorrhage Thrombocytopenia Skin reactions Hyperkalaemia
70
How to reverse Heparin in clinical setting?
Usually sufficient to withdraw But if rapid reversal required = protamine sulfate is a specific antidote (only partially reverses the effects of low molecular weight heparins).
71
How to reverse effects of Warfarin?
Can wean off. Minor bleeding = Vitamin K Major bleeding = Vitamin K + Prothrombin Complex Concentrate
72
How to reverse effects of Dabigatran?
IV Idarucizumab
73
How to reverse effects of Factor Xa inhibitors e.g. Apixaban, Rivaroxaban, Edoxaban
Andexanet alfa
74
Side effects of Aspirin?
Bronchospasm Dyspepsia Haemorrhage
75
Side effects of Clopidogrel?
Diarrhoea GI discomfort Haemorrhage
76
How to reverse Anti-Platelets?
Platelet transfusion Tranexamic Acid (works indirectly to improve clot formation) Desmopressin (efficacy unclear)
77
What are the side effects of Levodopa?
Postural hypotension Hallucinations + Psychosis Confusion Dyskinesia
78
How are the peripheral side effects of Levodopa reduced?
By co-prescription of Carbidopa a decarboxylase inhibitor
79
What are the side effects of Colchicine?
Abdominal pain Diarrhoea
80
What are the ophthalmic side effects of steroids?
Cataracts Glaucoma
81

Year 3 Med Revision (2 decks)

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