ADVERSE WEATHER PROCEDURES

Question 1

What is the best option to deal with adverse weather?

Answer 1

Avoidance.

Question 2

What is the responsibility of the PIC as it relates to weather?

Answer 2

Ensure the crew and passengers are briefed.

Question 3

What are some strategies to prevent turbulence injuries?

Answer 3

• Use WSI in briefings
• Use ACARS advisories
• Remember cabin is often worse than the cockpit
• Give FA advance notice of suspected turbulence
• Use PA to reinforces pax and FA actions

Question 4

What is mountain wave turbulence?

Answer 4

Turbulence due to mountain wave activity. Caused by wind flowing from the upwind side of a mountain is deflected upward and interacts with stable air above. This causes an up and down pattern that can extended for hundreds of miles. The steeper the mountain, the more severe the turbulence is.

Question 5

What is the rotor area?

Answer 5

The area on the lee slope in the steepest areas.

Question 6

Where are rotors typically found? What is the typical height?

Answer 6

1 - 12NM (up to 20NM) downwind of the ridge line
1,000’ - 5,000’ AGL at a mean height of the ridge.
Top layer is usually 3,000 - 7,000’ above mean height of the ridge.

Question 7

What happens when mountain wave interacts with the tropopause? What may be an indication of this occurring?

Answer 7

Gravity waves can form causing moderate to severe turbulence.
Lenticular clouds can indicate this, however may not always be present and does not represent altitude of turbulence.

Question 8

What can result of mountain wave interacting with the jet stream?

Answer 8

It can enhance mountain wave resulting in turbulence in excess of 5000FPM.

Question 9

What time of year is mountain wave most common? Why is this the case?

Answer 9

Mid October to the end of May. Due to the faster and southern jet stream, wind aloft, more stable airmasses, and a lower tropopause altitude.

Question 10

What are the tool we have for forecasting mountain wave?

Answer 10

Dispatch release. 
WSI
Wx reports 
PIREPs
ATC

Question 11

How do we mitigate mountain wave turbulence?

Answer 11

Deviation routes
Altitude avoidance
Avoiding holding or increasing holding speed

Question 12

What should the PIC do if they decide that the release needs to be adjusted for enroute weather.

Answer 12

Contact the dispatcher to discus the fuel burn and weather. To determine the best course of action.

Question 13

What should be done if a reroute for weather is done after departure.

Answer 13

Notify dispatch.

Question 14

With regard to preflight planning what do we consider when trying to avoid mountain wave?

Answer 14

• Height of tropopause
• Location of jetstream
• Location of mountains
• Fuel burn
• Flying parallel or perpendicular to winds aloft
• ATC/PIREPs

Question 15

What should pilots do while monitoring aircraft state and determine an altitude change is necessary?

Answer 15

Request a change from ATC

If a change is unavailable or denied by ATC, DO NOT WAIT, if necessary declare an emergency and descend.

Question 16

What is one of our main concerns when operating in heavy precipitation?

Answer 16

Water ingestion cause a flameout.

Question 17

What is the only measured way to avoid massive water ingestion?

Answer 17

Avoidance

Question 18

What should you do when in an unavoidable severe storm or precipitation?

Answer 18

Follow turbulent air penetration procedure in the AFM

Avoid thrust changes unless excessive airspeed variations occur.

Question 19

What radar images should be avoided? By how far?

Answer 19

• Higher than FL300
• Steep gradient edges
• Irregular shapes
• Radar shadow
• Should be avoided by at least 10 miles preferably 20.

Question 20

With regard to severe weather, how should the radar be used?

Answer 20

To avoid severe weather not penetrate.

Question 21

What is radar shadow?

Answer 21

When a large cell or heavy precipitation reflects most of the RADAR signal, not painting anything behind it. Can conceal more severe weather.

Question 22

When would it be reasonable to fly into a radar shadow?

Answer 22

NEVER

Question 23

How can you tell if the RADAR is painting shadows or not?

Answer 23

By painting ground clutter, you can determine where the RADAR is painting a complete picture.

Question 24

Can we ever fly through thunderstorm clouds or Cumulonimbus clouds?

Answer 24

It is mandatory that these be avoid for all operations, unless trapped and there are no alternative PIC may proceed.

Question 25

What precautions do we take when departing into an area a thunderstorms?

Answer 25

- Flight plan around thunderstorms - Turn on RADAR prior to takeoff - Clean the flight deck - Request RADAR monitoring from departure - Secure loose equipment in flight deck

Question 26

When it is necessary to enter a thunderstorm area what should be done?

Answer 26

Select the best altitude for inadvertant penetration Avoid freezing levels Contact gournd RADAR for advisories Ensure everyone on board is seated with seat belts fastened Monitor RADAR constantly and avoid build ups by at least 10 miles preferably 20

Question 27

What can flight in to severe turbulence or hail cause?

Answer 27

Structural damage.

Question 28

When the aircraft is subjected to static discharge of a lightening strike, what should the flight crew do?

Answer 28

Immediately check for visible or functional damage.

Question 29

When would static charges more frequently occur?

Answer 29

In shower type clouds

Question 30

What precedes static discharges? How can they be avoided?

Answer 30

Indicated by St. Elmo's fire | Can be avoided by changing altitude or reducing airspeed.

Question 31

What precautions can you take in an area of thunderstorms or in static discharge?

Answer 31

Turn up instrument lights, avoid looking outside, and setup autopilot in case of temporary blindness.

Question 32

What is the most hazardous form of windshear?

Answer 32

A microburst.

Question 33

Where can microbursts occur?

Answer 33

Anywhere convective weather conditions occur.

Question 34

What should you do if you are attempting to takeoff or landing during microburst alerts.

Answer 34

Wait, hold, or divert.

Question 35

What thrust setting should be used for takeoff when windshear conditions exist?

Answer 35

Maximum rated takeoff power

Question 36

What runway should be selected when windshear conditions exist?

Answer 36

Use the longest suitable runway that avoids suspected areas of windshear.

Question 37

If you are increasing landing speed for windshear, what must you be causous of?

Answer 37

An increases in touchdown speed can increase your stopping distance. (20 knots increase = increase by 25%)

Question 38

What type of hail is more reflective on inflight RADAR? least?

Answer 38

Wet hail is more reflective than dry hail.

Question 39

What is the lowest visibility is SkyWest authorized to takeoff with?

Answer 39

RVR 600/600/600 with CL, HIRL, and RCLM

Question 40

What is SMGCS and when does it go into effect?

Answer 40

Surface Movement Guidance and Control System | Below 1200 RVR

Question 41

When is a runway considered wet?

Answer 41

When more than 25% of the runway is covered by water 1/8in or less in depth.

Question 42

When is a runway considered slippery when wet?

Answer 42

When the amount of rubber accumulation on a runway reduces BE and RCC to a lesser value than wet alone.

Question 43

When is a runway considered contaminated?

Answer 43

When more than 25% of the runway surface is covered by more than 1/8in of standing water, slush, wet snow, dry snow, or any depth of ice or compacted snow.

Question 44

What is minimum cleared width required for the ERJ?

Answer 44

80'

Question 45

What is the RCC Decision matrix?

Answer 45

Question 46

What is TALPA and RCAM? What airports do they apply to

Answer 46

Takeoff and Landing Performance Assessment - uses objective measurements to determine braking capability. Runway Condition Assessment Matrix - maps contamination type and depth to a Runway Condition Code They only apply to U.S. airports

Question 47

If less than 25% is covered by contaminants is it considered contaminated?

Answer 47

No.

Question 48

What is a FICON RCC used for?

Answer 48

Determine landing distance For departure to Identify the third with most limiting contaminant Used to determine operating limitations (ex Xwind) R value in a TLR

Question 49

What is a TLR

Answer 49

Takeoff and landing report

Question 50

What doe the RCC values mean?

Answer 50

``` 6 - no report 5 - good 4- good to medium 3- medium 2- medium to poor 1- poor 0- Nil ```

Question 51

How long may a FICON NOTAM be valid?

Answer 51

Up to 24 hours

Question 52

With refrence to landing what is "BA" mean?

Answer 52

Braking Action

Question 53

What is the Hierarchy of Landing Performance

Answer 53

- RCC Values - Contaminant type and BA - ACARS landing assessment, or TLR - Mist restrictive RCC - RCC may be used bidirectionally - More conservative of PIREP and RCC - PIREP contains varying action, crew must use most conservative.

Question 54

May we use RCC to determine takeoff performance?

Answer 54

No

Question 55

What is a Max Uplift Request?

Answer 55

It determines which contaminants, when multiple exist, has the greater effect on performance.

Question 56

How do we request a Max Uplift?

Answer 56

With ACARS | Pre-flight menu> Takeoff runways> Enter runways>Enter conditions> send

Question 57

With regard to RCC and BA, when is takeoff and landing prohibited?

Answer 57

NIL BA RCC of 1 or 2 with a crosswind greater than 10kt BA reports POOR with a crosswind greater than 10kt Wet ice, water over comp. snow, dry/wet snow over ice with RCC less than 1 or BA NILL

Question 58

With regard to RCC, when is an alternate required?

Answer 58

A RCC value less than 3

Question 59

What is a Mu or CRFI

Answer 59

Friction Reports | Canadian Runway Friction Index

Question 60

What must be done when planning or operating in an area of suspected volcanic ash?

Answer 60

Avoid the are by at least 100NM.

Question 61

At what depth fo fluid can tires hydroplane?

Answer 61

1/10in smooth tire on smooth pavement | 2/10in - 3/10 treaded on grooved pavement

Question 62

What are tips to avoid hydroplanning?

Answer 62

Taxi slow. Follow taxiway markings. Avoid sharp turns. Low braking coefficient increases stopping distance. Perform light to moderate, but continuous brake application.

Question 63

Formula for dynamic hydro planning?

Answer 63

(√tire psi)x 8.6

Question 64

Who is responsible for complying with the clean aircraft concept?

Answer 64

PIC

Question 65

Where can we find the ground deicing procedures?

Answer 65

Ground Deicing Program Manual (GDPM)

Question 66

What is considered severe icing?

Answer 66

Icing for which aircraft is certified and the rate of accumulation is such that deicing/ anti-icing equipment fails to reduce or control the hazard.

Question 67

Can we dispatch in to severe icing?

Answer 67

No

Question 68

With regard to icing, when must we file an alternate?

Answer 68

When freezing drizzle or freezing rain is forecast.

Question 69

What is HOT? What is it?

Answer 69

Holdover Table, outlines the time an airplane can sit in icing conditions on the ground after being iced and still depart.

Question 70

Can we takeoff or land, when heavy freezing drizzle or freezing rain is being reported?

Answer 70

No

Question 71

What is the METAR code UP?

Answer 71

Unknown precipitation, indicates possible freezing precipitation.

Question 72

Can we depart in heavy snow?

Answer 72

Yes

Question 73

What forms of freezing precipitation may we dispatch with?

Answer 73

``` Freezing drizzle/rain Ice pellets Snow pellets/Small hail Snow Grains Icy Crystals Heavy Snow Small hail, less than1.4 inch Hail, 1/4 in or greater Freezing fog Unknown Precipitation ```

Question 74

What freezing precipitation is NOT authorized for takeoff?

Answer 74

Severe Ice Heavy Freezing drizzle Moderate/heavy freezing rain Hail, 1/4 in and greater

Question 75

What freezing precipitation is NOT authorized for landing?

Answer 75

Sever Ice Heavy freezing drizzle Moderate/heavy freezing rain Hail, 1/4 ing and greater in size

Question 76

When should anti ice be used?

Answer 76

In visible moisture +10C - -40C

Question 77

You encounter slight, erratic changes to your altitude and attitude along with a somewhat bumpy ride. ATC asks you for a report, how should you respond?

Answer 77

Light Turbulence

Question 78

What turbulence must be reported as a mechanical irregularity when encountered?

Answer 78

Severe or greater

Question 79

What freezing precipitation is NOT authorized for takeoff?

Answer 79

Severe Ice Heavy Freezing drizzle Moderate/heavy freezing rain Hail, 1/4 in and greater